31May

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 65% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื”ืฉืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ืขืชื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ Trading Halt, ื•ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• โ€“ ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.

ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช: ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื›ื”

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื. ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืจืš, ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื โ€“ ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื™ืกื”. ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ 

ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื:

  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข โ€“ ื›ึพ2.5%
  • ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช โ€“ ื›ึพ5%โ€“6.5%
  • ืคืขืจ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ100% ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง
  • ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช
  • ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
  • ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืœืž"ืก ืžืื•ืชืช, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืก

ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืžื™ืฆื” โ€“ ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.


ื”ืฆืขื”: ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื–ื•ื ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™

1. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืž"ืจ, ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ 65% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื.

๐Ÿ” ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ึพ50% ื•ืืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘.

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ:

  • ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืขื”
  • ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
  • ืœืืคืฉืจ ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง
  • ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืจืš, ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื•ื•ื™ืจ

2. Trading Halt โ€“ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื•ืขืชื™

ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ื™ื” ืฆื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžืชืคืจืกื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืžื•ืคืขืœ Trading Halt โ€“ ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืื ื™ืงื”.ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื”ืœืš ื“ื•ืžื”:

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” Trading Halt ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ โ€“ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉืคื•ื™ ื•ืžืื•ื–ืŸ.


3. ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ โ€“ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืจื›ื”" ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ:

  • ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
  • ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืŸ (Debt-to-Equity Swap)
  • ืงืจืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืฉืชื™ืฉื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขืจ โ€“ ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘

ื•ืžื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื?

โ— ื˜ืขื ื”โœ… ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื’ื“
"ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™"ื‘ืืžืช? ืžืชื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™? ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ื”ืœ, ืžืžื•ื ืฃ, ืžืชื•ืื ื•ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” โ€“ ืขื ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™, ืชื™ืื•ื ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžื• ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื–ื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืขืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื›ื” ืžืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ื”ืœ.
"ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ"ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื—ืง. ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืืžื™ืฆื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืื•ืคืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
"ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช"ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
"ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื"ื”ื”ืคืš: ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืงืจื™ืกื”, ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืคืกื“ื™ ืขืชืง.

ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื: 

  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP/HARP โ€“ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ โ€“ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช LTV ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€“ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช

ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื ื‘ื•ื ื”, ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื•ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.

ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงืจื•ืก.
ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจืื”.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืื ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืจื™ืกื” โ€“ ืืœื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืจืื”, ืžืชื™, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”.

ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื ื’ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.



๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืืจื”"ื‘ โ€“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•ึพHARP: ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื

HAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program)

ื”ืฉืงื”: 2009, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ึพTroubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”.

ืžื˜ืจื”: ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื.ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืขื“ 40 ืฉื ื”
  • ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœึพ2% ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื (principal forbearance)
  • ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™: ื™ื—ืก ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” (DTI ืžืขืœ 31%)

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช:

  • ืžืขืœ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
  • ืžื ืข ื’ืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึพ2010โ€“2012.
  • ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื ื—ืชืžื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘, ืืš ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

๐Ÿ“š ืžืงื•ืจ: U.S. Treasury, Making Home Affordable (MHA) Report


HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program)

ื”ืฉืงื”: 2009

ืžื˜ืจื”: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืขื LTV ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ (ืขื“ 125%), ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช.ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช:

  • ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
  • ืœืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื—ื“ืฉ (PMI).
  • ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืคื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจ.

ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืืžื™ื ื” โ€“ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืจื”-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื›ืก.


๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ื™ืคืŸ โ€“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืจืงืข:

ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ึพBank of Japan ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง.

ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื•:

  1. ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช Loan-to-Value (LTV) โ€“ ืœืจื•ื‘ 70%-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืžืจื ื™.
  2. ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
  3. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ "shitsuchika" (ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™) ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช.

ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”:

ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ โ€” ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ "ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™".

๐Ÿ“š ืžืงื•ืจ: OECD Economic Surveys: Japan, 1991; Bank of Japan Monetary and Economic Studies


๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื:

  • ื™ื—ืก LTV ืžืจื‘ื™: 65%-80% ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.
  • ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ (Debt-to-Income) ืžื—ืžื™ืจ:
    ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ~33% ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•.
  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก Conservative Lending Value, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง โ€“ ืืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™, ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”.

ืชื•ืฆืื”:

  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžื•ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.

๐Ÿ“š ืžืงื•ืจ: Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA), "Mortgage Lending Regulations in Switzerland"


ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”:

ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”ื”ืื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง?
ืืจื”"ื‘HAMP/HARP โ€“ ืจื”ึพืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ื‘โœ… ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื›ืก
ื™ืคืŸืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช LTV ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™โœ… ื›ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅLTV ืžื—ืžื™ืจ, Conservative Valueโœ… ื›ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืžืื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืื”




ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”


Gpt ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืžืง: ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ


ืžื‘ื•ื

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™, ื”ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืืจื”"ื‘, ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ื—ืœืง ื': ืกืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ืืจื”"ื‘ โ€“ HAMP/HARP: ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ

  • HAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program) ื•ึพHARP ื”ื•ืฉืงื• ื‘ึพ2009 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื.
  • ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช.
  • ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื•: ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžื“ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ (DTI โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื”).

ื™ืคืŸ โ€“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”

  • ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ึพBank of Japan ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื”:
    • ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื›ืก (LTV) ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 70%-80% ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
    • ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื (ืฉื™ืฆื•ืฆ'ื™ืงื”) ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™.
    • ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืฉืจืื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืฉืžืื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช LTV ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช

  • ืจืžืช LTV ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช: 65%-80% ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
  • ื›ืœืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•.
  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.

ื—ืœืง ื‘': ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

  1. ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจื• ื”ืจื’ืขื™.
  2. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื โ€“ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืž"ืจ ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืชืกืคืง ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™.
  3. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
  4. ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืจืš โ€“ ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื.

ื—ืœืง ื’': ืžื•ื“ืœ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

  • ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืž"ืจ ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื.
  • ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืขื“ 70% ืžืขืจืš ื–ื” (LTV).
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
  • ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื ืžื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ืชืฉื•ืื” ื•ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจืฉื•ื.

ื—ืœืง ื“': ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžืื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื• ืขื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ โ€“ ืœืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ืชืฉื•ืื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืฆื™ื— ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฉืคื ืงื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช.ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš:

  • ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืœื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” โ€“ ืืš ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžืžืžืŸ ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื ื›ืก, ืจืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
  • ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœึพ65%โ€“80% ืžึพ"ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”", ื’ื ืื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.

ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ:

  • ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืกืงื”.
  • ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื.
  • ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืจืš ืื™ื ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืžืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ืง ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช โ€“ ืœื ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ื™ืžื• ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.



Clau ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™: ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื™ืจื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” โ€“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืขืœื• ื‘-8% ื‘-2024 ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื‘-ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-2.23 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ, ื•ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 4.14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 3-6.5% ื•ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" โ€“ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ 35% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžืืจื”"ื‘, ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ.

ื”ืฆื“ืงื”: ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ. ื”ืžืชื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.


1. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘

1.1 ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืž-2024-2025 ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืจืฆื™: 2.23 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช (Q1 2024)
  • ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: 4.14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข
  • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช: 7.8% ื‘-2024 ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
  • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช 2021-2024: ื›-30%

1.2 ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœืื™ ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ 2024:

  • ืžืœืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ: 62,000+ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืฉื™ื ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™) ื•ื‘ืžืื™ 2025 ื›ื‘ืจ 80,000
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช: 34.9% ื‘-2023 ืœืขื•ืžืช 2022
  • ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ: ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 73% ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ืœืขื•ืžืช 2023

1.3 ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

  • ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช: 596.22 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช (ืืคืจื™ืœ 2024)
  • ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœ-GDP: 31.2%
  • ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช: 3.12% (ืฆืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื“), 4.98% (ืœื ืฆืžื•ื“)
  • ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”: ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“

2. ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื: ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื

2.1 ืืจื”"ื‘ โ€“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP: ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื

HAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program) 2009-2016

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœ-31% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•
  • ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืขื“ 40 ืฉื ื”
  • ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœ-2% ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช:

  • 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ 530$ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ 80% ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืชืงืคื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื’ืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘-2010-2012

HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program)

  • ืืคืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขื LTV ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ืขื“ 125%)
  • ืœืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื—ื“ืฉื”
  • ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื™

ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.

2.2 ื™ืคืŸ โ€“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 (ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘-167% ื‘ื™ืŸ 1985-1990):ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื•:

  • ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช LTV ืœ-70%-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืžืจื ื™
  • ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
  • ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-"shitsuchika" (ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™) ืœืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช
  • ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ (150% ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื ืžื›ืจื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื)

ืชื•ืฆืื”: ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™.

2.3 ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื:

  • ื™ื—ืก LTV ืžืจื‘ื™: 80% ืžืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก
  • ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ: ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื 33% ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•
  • Conservative Lending Value: ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ืœื ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
  • ืขืงืจื•ืŸ "Lower of cost or market" โ€“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื™

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช:

  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ
  • ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
  • ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื” ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื

3. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช: "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

3.1 ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื

ืฉืœื‘ ื': ืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™"

  • ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ 35% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
  • ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœ 15-18 (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื)
  • ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
  • ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™, ืœื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™

ืฉืœื‘ ื‘': ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช

ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช HAMP ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช:

  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœ-30% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื ื˜ื•
  • ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืขื“ 35 ืฉื ื”
  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœ-2% ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 5 ืฉื ื™ื
  • ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื

3.2 ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื

ืจืžื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช:

  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื
  • ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืงืจืช LTV ืฉืœ 65% ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ

ืจืžื” ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช:

  • ื”ืงืžืช ืงืจืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘
  • ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
  • ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

3.3 ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช:

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช:

  • ืขืœื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: 20-30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
  • ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื•ืง

ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช:

  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื
  • ื”ืฆืœืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ
  • ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช
  • ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

4. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื: ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

4.1 ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื
  • ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช
  • ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื:

  • ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืื•ื)
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช)
  • ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช

4.2 ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื

  • ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”-Conservative Lending Value
  • ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš
  • ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

4.3 ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™

ืžื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

  • ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”
  • ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
  • ืื™-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—

ืžื” ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

  • ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”
  • ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืืš ื ื—ื•ืฉื”

5. ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื

5.1 ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ - "Landing Soft"

ืฉืœื‘ 1 (ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื 1-6):

  • ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
  • ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžืจื ื™
  • ื”ืงืคืืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื

ืฉืœื‘ 2 (ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื 6-18):

  • ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
  • ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
  • ืžืขืงื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช

ืฉืœื‘ 3 (ืฉื ื™ื 2-5):

  • ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
  • ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช

5.2 ืžื•ื“ืœ "Circuit Breaker" - ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช

  • ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื
  • ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
  • ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื•ืš 30 ื™ื•ื

6. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื”

6.1 ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—:

  • ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ
  • ื ื–ืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื ื›ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื

ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื:

  • ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
  • ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื

6.2 ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื ื’ื“:

  • ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
  • ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
  • ื‘ื ืงื™ื (ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ)

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”:

  • ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
  • ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™-ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
  • ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื

7. ืžื“ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ

7.1 ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื

ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:

  • ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ 25% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืžื›ืจื•ืช
  • 80% ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™
  • ืืคืก ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื

ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ (3 ืฉื ื™ื):

  • ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 12-15 (ื‘ืžืงื•ื 25-30 ื›ื™ื•ื)
  • ื™ื—ืก ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-35% ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื
  • ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฉื•ืง

7.2 ืžื“ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช

  • ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
  • ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
  • ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

8. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื

8.1 ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช

  1. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™: ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ
  2. ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ
  3. ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช: ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš

8.2 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • "ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื›ื”" ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
  • ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช
  • ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช: ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื”ืขื•ืœื

ืงื”ืœื™ ื™ืขื“:

  • ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื”
  • ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื
  • ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

9. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืจืืฉื™ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื

  1. ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”: ื›ืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
  2. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืž-HAMP, ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื™ืคืŸ
  3. ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืœืื”: ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
  4. ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”: ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืคืขื•ืœื”

ื”ืžืชื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืชื’ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.


ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.


Gemi 

ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืง ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฆืขื” ืœ"ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื

I. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช

ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ืชืคืก ื›ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื”. ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช", ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœ"ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" (Trading Halt) ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื, ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ื”ืžืชื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜.

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื

ื“ื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  1. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP, ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘-2008, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืขืจืš ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ืฆื ื— ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘.
  2. ื™ืคืŸ: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื ืงื˜ื” ื™ืคืŸ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
  3. ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ: ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื›ืก (LTV) ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื ื›ืก ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.

ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • ืื•ืคื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ืจื™ื’: ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืืจื”"ื‘, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ื ื•ืกื— ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ) ืœื›ื“ื™ "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื" ืžื ื™ืขืชื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื— ื•ืจืข ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื• ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื•. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฅ , ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ , ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช ืืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— โ€“ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.   
  • ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืง: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื.
  • ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ": ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืชื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขืกืงื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื›ื™ืคืชื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
  • ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ื•"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช": ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื’ื•ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ "ืœืฉืœื•ื˜" ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื. ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื• ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื, ื’ื ืขื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ).   

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”

ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืงืฉืจื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ "ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื›ื”" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

II. ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฆืขืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช"

ื. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ: ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื•ืขืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื ืชืคืกืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™

ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื "ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™", ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ"ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" ื•ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช. ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืงืคืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื (fundamentals) ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื ื•ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” (price-to-income ratio) ื•ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช (price-to-rent ratio) ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ืขืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื–ื”, ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื–ืžื•ืช. ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืืฉืจืื™, ื•ืœื”ืื˜ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช.

ื‘. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ 1: ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืœ 35% ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ

ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื• ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช , ื›ืืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช.   ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ), ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ (ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช), ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ("ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื") ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ืžื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ืง.   

ื’. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ 2: "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช

ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ (principal reduction/forgiveness) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” (collateral haircut). ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”, ืืš ื”ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช. ื”ืื ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืื• ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ? ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช? ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื”? ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช.   

ื“. ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ": ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" (Trading Halt) ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืขื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ืื• ืชืงืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืง "ืœืขื›ืœ" ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืื ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื ื–ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช; ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.   "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ื”ืงืคืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœื•. ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, "ื”ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘-1973 ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ื”ืงืคืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ืช.   ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื›ื™ืคื”, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื), ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžืชื™ "ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื โ€“ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•"ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" โ€“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื•ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ื™ื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช (ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™) ื•ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžื”ืขืžื“ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ. "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ", ืื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืงืคืืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืชืžื ืข ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”-35% ืœืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ื”ืคืกืงื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช".ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืกืชื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื–ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” (ืื’ื™ืจื”, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช) ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง ืจื‘. ืฉื•ืงื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืกืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ืงื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ 35% ืื™ื ื• "ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" ืืœื ื”ืœื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื” ืื ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื" ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ ื–ืžื ื™, ืืš ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ื•ืœ "ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืขื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช", ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

III. ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช

ื. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื (HAMP ื•-HARP)

1. ืจืงืข, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ HAMP ื•-HARP

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืคืจืฅ ื‘-2008, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื ื›ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ื”ืฉื™ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) ื•-Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP). ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืงื• ื‘-2009 [User Query]. ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program) ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ , ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARP, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• "ืชืงื•ืขื™ื" ืขื ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก (underwater borrowers), ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื. HARP ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื ื›ืก.   

2. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื

HAMP: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื: ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” (ืขื“ 40 ืฉื ื”), ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ 2% ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช), ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ (principal forbearance), ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื” (principal reduction) ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืช-ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP PRA (Principal Reduction Alternative). ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” (DTI) ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืจืžื” ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 31% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื”ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื›-36-40%, ืฉื”ื ื›-$500-$541 ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช HAMP PRA, ื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014.   

HARP: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืขื ื™ื—ืก LTV ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื“ 105%, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœ-125%, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ). ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื—ื“ืฉ (PMI). ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ [User Query].   

3. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช: ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

HAMP:

  • ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1.3 ืขื“ 1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื™ื ืžื ืขื” ื’ืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2010-2012 [User Query]. ื›-80% ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ HAMP ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื.   
  • ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ 3-4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื (servicers) ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื—ื•. ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (GAO) ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.   

HARP:

  • ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘-2018. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืชืจืžื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืจื›ื‘), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.   
  • ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื (incumbent lenders). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื. ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช.   

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืœืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก (CBO) ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช HAMP ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.   

4. ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง

  • ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—: ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื (ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื).
  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ: ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.   
  • ืžื™ืงื•ื“ (Targeting): ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช. HAMP ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ HARP ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื "ืชืงื•ืขื™ื" ืืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ.
  • ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ HARP ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.   

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP:

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 1: ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชHAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program)HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program)ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช / ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืชืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืงื”20092009 [User Query]--
ืœื•ื•ื™ ืžื˜ืจื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœื•ื•ื™ื "ืชืงื•ืขื™ื" (underwater) ืืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจHAMP: ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืขื“. HARP: ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื.ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" (ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ-PRA ืฉืœ HAMP) ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืง.
ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื (ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช/ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ)ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ืHAMP: ืกืจื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืื™-ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื. HARP: ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืœื ืจืง ืกื™ื•ืข ืคืจื˜ื ื™.
ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘-LTVื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-DTI ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ืžืขืœ 31%)ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-LTV ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ (ืขื“ 125% ื•ืืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”)-ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ LTV ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ?ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช HAMP PRAืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ (ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืœื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ื‘)HAMP PRA: ื™ืงืจื” ืืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ."ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”.
ื”ื™ืงืฃ (ืžืก' ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื)ืžืขืœ 1.3-1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸืžืขืœ 3.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸHAMP: ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืขื“ (3-4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ).ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืชื›-$500-$541 (36-40%)ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ-ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื ืžืคืจื˜ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ืชืกืคื•ืจืช".
ืขืœื•ืช/ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขืจืšCBO: ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืžืžืฉืœ.-HARP: ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืชืื™-ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื.ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื.-ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื, ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

   ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืข.

ื‘. ื™ืคืŸ: ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90

1. ืจืงืข: ื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, "ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืงืจืงืข" ื•"ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“"

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”". ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืžื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, "ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข" (land myth) โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืคื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืจื“ืช. ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช (NPLs), ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“" (ืื• ืืฃ "ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื").   

2. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

  • ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช: ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ (BOJ) ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ืืš ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ 1989 ื”ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.   
  • "ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ" (็ท้‡่ฆๅˆถ - Sลryล Kisei) ืขืœ ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1990, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ" ืขืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืš ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ืœืœ LTV ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžื•ืคื—ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ื‘ื ืงืื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื›"ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ" (window guidance).   
  • ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืก: ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ืงื˜ื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืจืกืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืก ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืงืจืงืข. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื•ืคื—ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืข.   

3. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, "ืฉื™ืฆื•ืฆ'ื™ืงื”", ืฆ'ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื’'ื™) ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง

ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช. "ืฆ'ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื’'ื™" (ๅœฐไพกๅ…ฌ็คบ) ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช (MLIT), ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื. "ืฉื™ืฆื•ืฆ'ื™ืงื”" (่ทฏ็ทšไพก - Rosenka), ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืก ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืก ืžืชื ื”, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื’'ื™ ืืš ื ืžื•ืš ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ื’ื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืจื“ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.   ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘"ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง" ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืืฉืจืื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ LTV ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื—ื“ื” (ื›ืžื• 35% ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื), ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ", ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ื”"ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช.   

4. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช: ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื ืงืœืขื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช (NPLs); ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื". ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืืœืฆื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช. ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ("ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“"). ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช; ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื ื™ืงืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™.   

5. ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืคืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง

  • ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืœ: ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
  • ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช: ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื•ืขื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš.
  • ื‘ืงืจืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ืžืฆืจืคื™ (ื›ืžื• "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ") ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช.
  • ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช: ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืก, ืืš ื›ืคื™ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื—ื“ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื•ื“ืื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ "ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืจื›ื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.

ื’. ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ: ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

1. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช: ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™

ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื [User Query]. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.   

2. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื

  • ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื›ืก (LTV) ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื: ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื™ื—ืก ื”-LTV ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื 80%, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, 75% ืœื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”). ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื โ€“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 10% ืžืชื•ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืงืฉื™ื—" (hard equity), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืžื›ืกืคื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื”.   
  • ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ (DTI) ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื: ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืคื—ืช ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”) ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ (ื›-33%) ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.   
  • ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช (Imputed Interest Rates): ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช (ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช) ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” (ืœืžืฉืœ, 5%), ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.   
  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก "ืขืจืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืžืจื ื™" (Conservative Lending Value): ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืืœื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ "ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืขืžื“ื”" (value at origination). ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื™ืช FINMA ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”.   
  • ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ (Amortization): ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื (ืžืขืœ ื›-65% LTV) ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืš 15 ืฉื ื” ืื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœ-66.6% ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.   
  • ืชืคืงื™ื“ FINMA ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ (SBA): ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ (FINMA) ืžืคืงื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื›ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

3. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช: ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉื•ืคืจ

ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืกื ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืืฉืจืื™ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืจื•ืกืŸ.   

4. ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

  • ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืงื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
  • ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื”: ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœื—ืฅ (ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช) ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื.
  • ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื—: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ.
  • ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช: ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื•ืœื "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื" ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื.

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ื ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ:

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 2: ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ื ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ

ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืชื•ืืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ (ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช)ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ (ื ื›ืก ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”)ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ / ื”ืฉืคืขื”
LTV ืžืจื‘ื™80%75%ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื›ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”.
ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ (ืกื”"ื›)20%25%ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช "ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง" ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”, ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”.
ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ "ืงืฉื™ื—" ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™10% (ืœื ืžื›ืกืคื™ ืคื ืกื™ื”)25% (ืœื ืžื›ืกืคื™ ืคื ืกื™ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™)ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
ื™ื—ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ (DTI ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช)ื›-33%ื›-33% (ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช, ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ื˜ื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช)ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ5%5%ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืขืจืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืื• ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง)ืขืจืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืžืจื ื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ืคื—.
ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ (ืืžื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”)ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืžืขืœ ~65% LTV) ืชื•ืš 15 ืฉื ื” / ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉื”ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืœ-66.6% ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ืื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.

   ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื™ืช ืื™ืชื ื”. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ "ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื" ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ืฉืœ 35%, ืœืœื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช.ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ื•ื—ื“ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืช "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื›ืฆืขื“ ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืœื (ืื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื). ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกื”; ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืจืคื™ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—; ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.

IV. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช

ื. ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช

ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื

  • ื™ืคืŸ: ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ"ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืก, ื•ืœื ื ื›ืคื• ื›ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 35% ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.   
  • ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ: ื”"ืขืจืš ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™" ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื•ืœื ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ื•ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื”ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื•ืœื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช.   

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช

  • ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง: ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืกืจื‘ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘-35% ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
  • ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”: ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
  • ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™: ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื• ืื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื ืง ืืฉืจืื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื: ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืกืคืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืงื™ืคืชื•

ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™), ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช/ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ื”ืงืฆืื” ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™" ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

ื‘. "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ (PRA) ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP PRA ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• "ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื" (ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก) ืื• ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื (ืฉืื™ื ื GSE) ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื›ืคื•ื™ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื (ืžื™ ื–ื›ืื™, ืžื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืคื—ืชื”) ื”ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืืจืœืžืŸ ื”ืจืื” ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 877,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช HAMP-PRA.   

ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช

  • ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื: "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืื ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ-HAMP, ืฉื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
  • ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื (ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™): ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืชืžืจืฅ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืคื• ืœ"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช". ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืœืืœื• ืฉืœื, ืื• ืœืืœื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
  • ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช: ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืืš ื”ื”ืœื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื–ื– ื–ืืช.
  • ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื: ื™ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื’. "ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ" ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื

ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช. ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. "ื”ืคืกืงื”" ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื”/ืžื›ื™ืจื”). ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ? ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ืกื™ื? ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช? ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•? ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช?   

ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืื›ื™ืคื”

  • ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ: ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืคืกืง? ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ? ืžื” ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื”?
  • ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.
  • ืื›ื™ืคื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืžื›ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื?
  • ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื: "ื”ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘-1973 ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื”ืงืคืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ืงืคืืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื›ืœืœ-ืฉื•ืงื™ืช. ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืš ืืœื• ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.   

ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืชื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช (ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืื• "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืžืกืคืงืช) ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื (underwater). ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข. ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืœื•ืœืื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช: ืื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื“ื ืจื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ืขื 20% ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ (80% LTV), ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื 35%, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”-LTV ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืคื•ืก ื™ืงืคื•ืฅ ืœื›-123% (0.80 / (1-0.35)). ื”"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื˜ืช."ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ" ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืคืื ื™ืงืชื™ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื–ื™ืœ, ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ืขื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ืœืœ ืœื "ื™ืชื ืงื”" (ืœื ื™ื™ืกื’ืจื• ืขืกืงืื•ืช), ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืืžื” "ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช". ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืง ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืคื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”. ื”"ื”ืคืกืงื”" ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœ"ื”ืงืคืื”".ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืช "ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™" (35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™) ื•ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช-ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื” ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™" ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ 35% ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื’ืก. ืกืคืจื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ. ืžืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืืฉืจืื™. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

V. ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช: ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช

ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

  • ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ/ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง: ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.   
  • ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช: ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื ื•ื— ืขืงื‘ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืชืคืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืขื”.
  • ืงืจื™ืกืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™: ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืž"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื•ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื™ืงืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื• ื™ื™ืกื•ื’ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™.
  • ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช: ื”ืคืกื“ื™ "ื ื™ื™ืจ" ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื, ื’ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
  • ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช: ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
  • ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.   

ื‘. ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

  • ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™: "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื›ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื. ืื ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช", ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื’ืข ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ โ€“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžื ื•ืข. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’.   
  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช: ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืื’"ื— ืžื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช (MBS) ื™ืงืจื•ืก ืื• ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
  • ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช/ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ืŸ: ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื’. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช

  • ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ: ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ. ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ื (ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื) ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ื ืคื™ื) ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื”"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" โ€“ ืžื™ ื™ื™ื”ื ื”, ืžื™ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜?
  • ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื ืคืฅ ืืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
  • ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื: ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
  • ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ื”ืฆืขื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ื“. ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ืช

  • ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื:
    • ื”ืงืžื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ "ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™" ืืจืฆื™ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืฉื™ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื›ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื?
    • ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
    • ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœ"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
  • ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
  • ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช: ื”ืื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ืœืœื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื? ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืœ HAMP ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.   

ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ "ืœืฉืœื•ื˜" ื‘ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืœืขื•ืจืจ "ืœื•ืœืืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ" (doom loop) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข. ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžื”"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ื’ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ), ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช, ืœื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืืฉืจืื™ ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืชืžื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืฉืจืื™. "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช", ืื "ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™" ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืจืฉื•ื ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืขื ื”-NPLs). ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžื—ื ืง ืืฉืจืื™ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื โ€“ ืœื•ืœืืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืช.   ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ("ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืขื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช") ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช-ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข, ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืฉื•ืง ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™", ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ืื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื (ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœ-35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื›ื“ืื™), ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชื™ืคืกืง. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืœื•ื™ ื‘"ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™", ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™. ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื "ื™ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘" ืื• ืื "ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘" ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘? ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื™ื ื•ื”ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• "ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.   ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื”ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื (ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช) ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืื ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื™ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™) ื ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ, ื’ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ. ื”"ืคืชืจื•ืŸ" ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.   

VI. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื

ื. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงืฉื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืื• ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ, ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.   

ื‘. ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื™, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืชืžืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื’ื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (IMF) ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข. ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.   

ื’. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื•"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื›ืœืœ-ืฉื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช), ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.   

ื“. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื—ื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจ)

  • ื”ืขืœืื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช.
  • ื”ืงืฉื—ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ LTV ื•-DTI.
  • ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื• ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ.
  • ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืช FINMA ).   
  • ื“ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”-IMF ืžืชืืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื‘ืจ 2008-2009, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—.   

ื”. ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง.ืœืงื— ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื™ืคืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ื•ืœื "ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ" ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื—ืกืจื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช, ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ 2008 ื›ืœืœื” ืืช HAMP/HARP, ืืš ื’ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” (ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช, ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช) ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ (ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช TARP ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™, "ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ", ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืก, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืื™ืœื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจ "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื”ืžืจืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืงืจื•ืก), ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืื• ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.   ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื” ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื•ืขื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ืžื ื™ืขื”. ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ (LTV, DTI, ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™) ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“. ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืชืจ ื•ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ื ืชืคืกืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ื›ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื• ื—ืกืจื™ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ "ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™" ื›ื”ืœื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช.   ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœ"ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช" ืื ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืกื” ืชื™ื•ืฉื. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”-35%, ืื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ" ืื• ื”"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช", ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”-35% ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™. ืžื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™? ืื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ "ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช" ื”ื™ื 50%), ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง. ืื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ "ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช" ื”ื™ื 20%), ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื ืžื•ื’ื–ื. ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื ืฉืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื’ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช (ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื). ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืืžืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘-25 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก, ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช LTV, ืื™ืคื•ืก ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 35% ื”ื•ื ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื”. ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืื• ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœื• ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื”ืจื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืžืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™.   

VII. ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช

ื. ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช"

ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœ"ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื•, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-35% ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื”ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”"ืชืจื•ืคื”" ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื”"ืžื—ืœื”".ื”ืคื’ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื•ืงื™ืช (ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•"ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื" ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" (command-and-control) ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืงื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง (ื’ื ืื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื) ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ (35% ืคื—ื•ืช) ืœื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘. ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืงืฃ ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ , ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจื ื™, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื•ืงื™ืช; ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ืื”, ืื ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP/HARP ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืคืขืœื• ื“ืจืš ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื• ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื/ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื. "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ.   

ื‘. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช

  1. ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™: ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื ืชื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืืฉืจืื™, ื™ื—ืกื™ LTV ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื.
  2. ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™: ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘-35% ืœื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืฆืขื“ ื›ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.   
  3. ืฉืงื™ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ": ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื™-ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืงื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืงืคืืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืฉื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™).
  4. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช":
    • ืื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ HAMP PRA.   
    • "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ื›ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.
  5. ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื•ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™ืช (ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืžืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช):
    • ื”ืงืฉื—ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ LTV ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
    • ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื• ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช DTI, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™: ).   
    • ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
    • ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื (ืžื•ื“ืœ FINMA: ).   
    • ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  6. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš (ื”ืžืœืฆืช IMF ).   
  7. ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช: ืชืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืคืื ื™ืงื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืง.
  8. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืจื”: ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื‘ื—ืจ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืื ื”ืงืฉื—ื” ืžืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืœื—ืฅ).

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื•ื‘ื™ื–ื ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™, ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœ"ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™" (policy capture), ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”"ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื”. "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช" ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 35% ื•"ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื. ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื, ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ืชืจื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™" (ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ 1) ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช" (ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ 2) ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื HAMP ื”ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื (ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื) ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARP ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื , ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื•ื”"ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ" ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืจืงื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช, ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.   

ื’. ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืขืฉื•ืจ. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ? ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืกืชื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื•ืฉื, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืžื ื• ืื• ืื ื”ืกืจืชื• ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืืžืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ื”. ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ "ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ ืื•ืชื” ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ืœืืฉืจืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP/HARP ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ื. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. "ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื•ืืžื™ื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.   

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™: ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ

ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ


Deep ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ืžื›ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ึพ35% ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘" ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืš ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช:

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”:

  1. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ 35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื.
  2. ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
  3. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืขื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง.

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื:

๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืืจื”"ื‘ (HAMP & HARP)

  • ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™: ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื™-ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื (HARP ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”).
  • ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืืœื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ (DTI) ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื.
  • ืœืงื— ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™: ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก. ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ึพHAMP ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืœื ืžื—ื™ืงืช ืงืจืŸ ื’ื•ืจืคืช.

๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ื™ืคืŸ (ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90)

  • ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™: ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืž"ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™" ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ("shitsuchika").
  • ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™: ื™ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืชืจื ืœ"ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“" ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื.
  • ืœืงื— ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช LTV ืœึพ70%โ€“80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ.

๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ (ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ึพConservative Lending Value)

  • ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ (ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื”) โ€“ ืœื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง โ€“ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช.
  • ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ึพLTV ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืœึพ65%โ€“80% ื•ึพDTI ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื™ืชืจ.
  • ืœืงื— ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™: ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื.

ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื”:

  1. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื:
    • ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 35% ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• TARP ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘).
    • ืœืœื ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช.
  2. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช "ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™":
    • ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ 35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืจืš ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืข"ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ: ืฉื•ื•ื™ = ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืฉื›ืจื” ร— 20).
  3. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง:
    • ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื™ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช โ€“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืชืœ" ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
    • ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™: ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืจ ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ: 20% ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, 15% ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•').
  4. ืื™ึพืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื:
    • ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
    • ื‘ึพHAMP ื ืคืชืจื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.

ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื™ืช (ื’ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื):

ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸืคืจื˜ื™ืื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืชืขืจืš ื ื›ืก = ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ร— 25 (ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื)๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ
ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ DTI > 40% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ + ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœึพ40 ืฉื ื”๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ HAMP
ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™LTV ืžืจื‘ื™ 80% ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™, DTI โ‰ค 35%๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ื™ืคืŸ + ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ
ืžื™ืžื•ืŸืงืจืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช + ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื™ื๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ TARP

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื ืขืช" vs. "ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื"

ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื โ€“ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื:

  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื”: ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืืžืช ืชื–ืจื™ื (ืœื ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืคืช).
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ื›ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ: ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืืจื™ืš ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ: ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง.

ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข:

ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื" ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื:

  1. ืžื™ื™ื“ื™: ืงื‘ืข ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืข"ื‘ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ (ืœื 35% ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™) + ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
  2. ืžื‘ื ื™: ื”ื˜ืžืขืช LTV/DTI ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
"ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืคืกื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืกื”" โ€“ ืœืงื— ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžึพ2008.




Per ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกื” ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื

ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช Trading Halt ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืกื” ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™ืช. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™. ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-35% ืขื "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.

ืจืงืข ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”

ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™ืช. ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืขืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 2008. ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื–ื”, "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืจืฆืคื”" ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘-35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช.ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืžืจืืฉ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืจื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ื”ืžืžืชื ื” ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช "Soft Landing" - ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืจื›ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช - ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื - ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืจืžืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘: ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืงืจื™ื–ื”

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program) ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงื” ื‘-2009 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช TARP ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ1. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื "ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš"1.ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ HAMP ื›ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™1. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœ"ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื"1. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”"ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”" ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืกืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื•ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ1.ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘"ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-530 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ"1. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, HAMP ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช "ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื"1. ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื’ื ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARP: ืจื”-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program) ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ืชืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืœืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™3. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืขื ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืจืš (LTV) ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืขื“ 125%, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”3.ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ 2013, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” 2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ HARP, ื›ืืฉืจ 58% ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ืชื—ืช HARP 2.0 ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจ3. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœ"ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 250 ื“ื•ืœืจ" ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื3, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ืž-2017 ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” "ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื•ืช - ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืขื™ืงื•ืœ"4. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘-13% ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื", ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื4.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™: ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”

ื™ืคืŸ ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืจืš (LTV), ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 70%-80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืžืจื ื™.ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™" (shitsuchika) ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™.ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืคืจื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™: ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช

ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื—ืก LTV ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 65%-80% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›-33% ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•.ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"Conservative Lending Value" - ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื•ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.

ืžื•ื“ืœ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช

ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืจืฆืคื”" ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘-35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ 35% ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืจืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื

ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™" ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” 35% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืขื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืจื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืชื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘-HAMP ื•-HARP, ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.

ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื

ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืจืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™. ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ LTV ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 70% ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ 30% ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ื˜ื•.ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืชืžื ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื”.

ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ HARP ืฉื”ืจืื• ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 250 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ื”3, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืกื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื™.

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื-ื‘ื•ืกื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.

ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืžืฆืื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”-HARP ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช"2.ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Moral Hazard - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืชืขืจื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืชื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ืชืžื ืข ื”ืชืืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืข.

ืืชื’ืจื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช.

ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชื•ืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ "ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช" ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื13.ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช - ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช - ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื–ืง ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืชื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ, ืชื•ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžืชื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื.ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืชืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™

ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช.ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืขืœ ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื• ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™.ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื— ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ.


30May

ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื ื ืชื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ


๐Ÿง  ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžืฉืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืžื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื”. ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ืฉื™ืœืจ (Case & Shiller) ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.

"ืื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืขื”"


"ืื ืžืฉืงื™ืข, ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืขื”"



1. ื”ื’ื“ืจื”: ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื”?

ื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ (fundamental value), ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชืคื•ืกื”).

โ€œA bubble is a situation in which excessive public expectations of future price increases cause prices to be temporarily elevated.โ€
โ€” Robert J. Shiller, Nobel Lecture, 2013

2. ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ืฉื™ืœืจ: ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ

๐Ÿ” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (1988โ€“2000):

ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ืฉื™ืœืจ ืขืจื›ื• ืกืงืจื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.

ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • 90% ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช.
  • ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข โ€“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืžืง ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื (ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื›ื•').
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืจื“ื•".

๐Ÿง  ืžืกืงื ื”:

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื• ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื“ื’ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื‘ื•ืขื”.


3. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

๐ŸŒ€ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ:

ืฉืœื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ
1ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”)
2ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
3ื”ื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ โ€“ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘
4ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืฉืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช
5ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื "ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™"

๐Ÿ” ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืœื•ืœืื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ self-fulfilling prophecy โ€” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ืช.


4. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ื™ืคืŸ โ€“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ืขืœื• ืคื™ 5 ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ "ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืจื“ืช".
  • ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื’ืจืจื” ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ("ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“").

๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืืจื”"ื‘ โ€“ 2000โ€“2007:

  • ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืงื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ, ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉ"ื”ืขืจืš ื™ืขืœื”".
  • ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงื ื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืœื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”.
  • ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘-2008 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.

๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ 2012 ื•ืื™ืœืš (ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื‘):

  • ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
  • ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื (ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ืกืงืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช) ื›ื™ ืงื ื• "ื›ื™ ืžื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ".
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช โ€“ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช.

5. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกืคืจื™ (ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืžืช)

ื. ื™ื—ืก ืชืฉื•ืื” / ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช:

ืฉื ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืืคืขืจ (ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช)
20104.2%3.2%+1.0%
20202.8%2.4%+0.4%
20232.5%5.0%-2.5% ๐Ÿ”ป

๐Ÿ”ป ืคืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื.

ื‘. ืžื“ื“ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจื™ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ):

  • ืžืขืœ 60% ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ื™ืขืœื•".
  • ืจืง 12% ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
  • 72% ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื "ืคื—ื“ ืฉื™ืคืกืคืกื•".

6. ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”

ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื ืœืคืกืคืก"โœ”๏ธ
ืžื—ื™ืจ > ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™โœ”๏ธ
ืคืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืื”-ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโœ”๏ธ
ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื“โœ”๏ธ
ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ืœื ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืจื“ืช"โœ”๏ธ

7.ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืคืชื—

๐Ÿ“Œ 

  • "ื›ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืขื”."
  • "ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช."
  • "ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“."
  • "ื›ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื‘ื•ืขื”."
  • "ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช."
  • "ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“."
  • "ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœืคืกืคืก (FOMO) ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”."
  • "ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ืช: ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืชื ืคื—ื” - ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”."


ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคืขืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืคืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.


ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช โ€“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ืื” ืื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.





ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื ื—ืœืฉื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืคืขืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืื ื•ืžืœื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.



ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื“ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืขื”: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™

ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ", ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืืฆื•ืช.

ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ืขื” ื›"ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”"4. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืชืคืฆืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ื›ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™4.

ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ"1. ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื ื›ืก, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื“ื•ื’ื ื™. ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืจื“ื™ืคืช ืžื’ืžื”" (trend chasing) ืื• "ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื3.

ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:

  1. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ - ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืžื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื: ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. "ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"1. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” - ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
  2. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช - ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช: "ืื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•"3.

ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช

ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช:

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื

  1. ืกืงืจื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช - ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
  2. ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืงื™ืคื™ื - ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ-ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช (Price-to-Rent), ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ-ื”ื›ื ืกื” (Price-to-Income), ื•ื ืคื— ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง.
  3. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื - ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืกืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื.

ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™, ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืกื ืŸ ืžื’ืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื›ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ4.

ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช

ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช:

  1. ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ - ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
  2. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื - ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ-ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ื™ืจ-ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
  3. ืงืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืืฅ - ื”ืืฆื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
  4. ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช - ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ืœ.

ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืกืคืง ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 2007 ืœ-2017 ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช, "ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ"2. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื ืืžื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ "ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจืžืช ืžืชืื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ"1. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื—ืงืจืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: "ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"1. ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• "ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช"2.

ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื

ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืคื™ื ื ืกื™. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ืง ืขื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกื˜ื• ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื“ื•ื’ื ื™3.ืžืžืฆื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉ"ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื˜ื• ืœืชืื ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื"3. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ (1000), "ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขืœื•ืช"3, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื.

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, "ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"1.ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืคื•ื ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื.

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช

ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™

ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™:

  1. ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื - ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™.
  2. ืจื’ืจืกื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.
  3. ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื - ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื’ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—.

ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™4.

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช

ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช:

  1. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช - ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
  2. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข - ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช.
  3. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช - ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื

ืื—ืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืœื ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”2. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช:

  1. ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื:
    • ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง
    • ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
    • ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
    • ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
  2. ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช:
    • ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
    • ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืืงืจื•-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช
    • ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื
    • ืœื ื”ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืชืŸ.


๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (2013โ€“2024)

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื‘ืงืฉืชืš, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ (ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืœืž"ืก), ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื:

ื’ืจืฃ:

"Gap Between Rental Yield and Mortgage Rate in Israel (2013โ€“2024)"ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ โ€” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.

ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืขืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ โ€” ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.๐Ÿ”ป ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2016 ืœืขืจืš, ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ 2021.


๐Ÿง  ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช:

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืก, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช:

ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ื•ืžืกืชืžืš ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ืฉื™ืœืจ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ืก ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉ"ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“", ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”.


ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื:

  • ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช: ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.
    ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืืชืจ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช: ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ + ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืœืž"ืก ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”.


ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœืคื ื™ืš ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2013โ€“2024. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคืขืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืคืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™ โ€“ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื”.


ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืคืขืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืขืœื•", ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” โ€” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืกื™.ื–ื”ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื.


ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ (2024). ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, 45% ืžื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช-ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™.


ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ


ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ื ืื™ื: "ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช"

"ื›ืฉืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืง ื•ื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื•ืขืชื™." - ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.



ืงืจื“ื™ื˜: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ - ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื›ืืŸ


ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช:

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2022โ€“2024 ืžืชื’ืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื”:

ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ
202267,31630,8199,768107,903
202344,13320,7396,90271,774
202455,39636,1169,528101,040

ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื”:

  • 2023 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ืขื ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ึพ34% ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช 2022.
  • ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ึพ2024 ื ืฉืขื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืžืจืฅ, ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืจืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช โ€” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.

ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช: ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื ืชืง ืžื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘

ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ:

โ€œืชืงื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืขืœื”.โ€

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ:

  • ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
  • ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืจืฃ),
  • ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ืขืœื•,
    ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช โ€” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื ืขืฆืจ.

ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ:

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื•.


ืžืกืงื ื”:

ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง.

ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืž-euphoria ืœ-disbelief, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” (Gartner Hype Cycle ืื• Minsky).

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ึพEuphoria ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ึพDisbelief ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื:

ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืขื”: ืžืžืื ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื“ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ึพHype Cycle

1. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” (Hyman Minsky)

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ื”ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ:

ืฉืœื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ
Displacementืฉื•ืง ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืงืœื” ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™).
Boomืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืืฉืจืื™ ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
Euphoriaื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉ"this time it's different". ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ.
Profit Taking / Crisisืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ.
Panic / Revulsionื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜, ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžึพEuphoria ืœึพDisbelief ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.


2. Gartner Hype Cycle (ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช)

ืฉืœื‘ืžื•ื ื—
Innovation Triggerื”ืชื—ืœื”: ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ/ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”/ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
Peak of Inflated Expectationsืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช โ€” ื“ื™ืจื•ืช "ืจืง ื™ืขืœื•"
Trough of Disillusionmentืฉื•ืงืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” โ€” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžื”
Slope of Enlightenmentื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื•ืขืชื™: ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช
Plateau of Productivityืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ โ€” ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื’ื™ืข

ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ โ€” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืืžื™ืŸ", ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจืช โ€” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœื‘ ื”ึพDisillusionment ืื• ื”ึพPanic ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™.


3. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ?

ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉ"ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืขืœื”"ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื โ€” ืจืื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 34% ื‘ึพ2023
ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ
ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืชืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืœื—ืฅ, ืœื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื

ืกื™ื›ื•ื:

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžึพืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืœึพืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืฉื•ืง โ€” ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื.

ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™, ื›ืฉืงื• ื›ืชื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื (2024โ€“2025) โ€” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื”"ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื”", ืœืงืจืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช.ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืจื ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— (ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ) ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื’ืžืจ โ€” ื’ื ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš.


ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”


28May

ืื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช? ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื


ืฉืืœื•ืŸ  ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื:
"ื”ืื ื‘ื“ืงืชื ืื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ื›ื?"

ืžืงืจื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™

ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื: ืื ื—ื“-ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื•ื›ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ. ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘.

ืžื”ื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“?

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ื•ืชืจืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช - ืื ืคืจืฆื” ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื "ืจื•ื“ืคืช" ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื ื–ืง.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืฆื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจืช.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช - ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื’ื ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืœืฉื ื™.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช:

  • ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ
  • ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื
  • ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืกืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ?

ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื”! ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื›ื ื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ:

  1. ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
  2. ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
  3. ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช?

ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกืชื‘ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช:

ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ

  • ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”
  • ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ
  • ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง, ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ

  • ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
  • ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื
  • ืื—ื–ืงื” ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื–ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช

  • ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•
  • ื ื–ืง ืœืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
  • ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื:

  1. ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช
  2. ืชืืžื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื
  3. ื•ื“ืื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื ืœื ื›ืก ื•ืœืชื›ื•ืœื”

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื:

  1. ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืกื›ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”
  2. ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
  3. ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื ืขืžื›ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื:

  • ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกืžืš
  • ืขื“ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ
  • ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ:

  • ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื
  • ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื
  • ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ
  • ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช

ืกื™ื›ื•ื - ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ื’ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ - ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืžื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.

ื–ื›ืจื•: ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœื›ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.


ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก - ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื

ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง1.ืžืงืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืš 400,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืืฉ1. ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื1. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื” ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”1.ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•1. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืกื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช1. ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืกืฃ1. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช1.ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ2. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื2.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื1. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•1.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”1. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ1. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ืœืขืชื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช1. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ1.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”

ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ2. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช2. ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื›ืกื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™2.

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”

ืื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข2. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคืง ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื2. ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื2. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืชื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช2. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”2. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘1. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1.ื’ื ืื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืžืกื‘ืชื, ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช1.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.

ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขืชื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.


ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ!


1. ืช"ื 9912/07 โ€“ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืื—' ื ' ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืœืš ื•ืื—'

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืžืงืจืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื ื–ืง, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 39 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืžืืฉ, ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื•. ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ, ื•ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. 


2. ืช"ื 2345/15 โ€“ ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื”

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื ื“ื•ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.


3. ืช"ื 37294-03-17 โ€“ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’'

ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื•ืจื— ืฉื ืคืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืจืช ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’', ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.


4. ืช"ื 35398-03-18 โ€“ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฆื“ ื’' ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืฆื“ ื’' ื•ืœื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•.


5. ืช"ื 1156/07 โ€“ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื’ื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ

ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื ื›ืก ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.


ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ: ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

1. ืžื‘ื•ื: ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืก ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ืฆืคื” ืื• ื ื–ืง ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืงื™ืฃ, ื”ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.   ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื–ืžื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช (ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื), ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ "AIG Rent", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ "ืœืฉื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืกืงืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“.   

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ

ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ:

  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืคื’ืข ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™-ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื”.   
  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ืื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื) ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืคืจื˜ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืฆืคื”.   
  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ื’' (Third Party Liability): ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืžื›ืกื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืื• ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืฆื“ ื’' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.   

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžื‘ื ื”, ืชื›ื•ืœื”, ืฆื“ ื’') ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช. ืื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืื ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข "ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช" ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ. ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.   

2. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ (Waiver of Subrogation): ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื

ืžื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช?

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 62 ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื-1981. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง, "ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื”.   "ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘" ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ื‘ืืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ.   ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ืœ"ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงื“ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

ืžื“ื•ืข ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื?

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช:

  • ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ: ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.   
  • ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ: ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืง ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ.   

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืคืช ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืจืš ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›"ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš".   

ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืžืคืชื—

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 62 ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื-1981. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกืขื™ืฃ 68 ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื•ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.   ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื• ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 3948/97 ืืจื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืืฉืจืช ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืกืก ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื• ืฉืชื•ืงืคื ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ.   ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืช"ื (ืฉืœื•ื ืช"ื) 37796-03-13, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 11081/02 ื“ื•ืœื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•.   

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.

  1. ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื›ืืฉืจ "ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘" ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ืชื›ื•ืœืชื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’'. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืชืง ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜.   
  2. ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: "ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ (ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžื˜ืขืžื•". ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”.   

ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืื ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืชื•ื‘ืข. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืืœื ืื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœื•. ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ืื• ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.   

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”

ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฉืคืขื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœืœ.   ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืงื™ื–ื•ื– ืœื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ "ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™" (ื›ืžื• AIG Rent), ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกืžืš ื˜ืจื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.   

3. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (Cross-Liability): ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืกื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”?

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื "ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช") ื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’', ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ื“ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ), ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื ืคืจื“.   ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืฃ), ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ.   ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช "ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ (ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจ). ืœืœื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืื ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืงื“ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื.   

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”: ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืื• ืืฉ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืฉื›ื ื•.   ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ "ื’ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช" ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช "ืœื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื ืคื— ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.   

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

  • ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™: ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืกืคืง ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.   
  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื: ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.   
  • ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”: ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื›ืฆื“ ื’' ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคืฉื˜ืช ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.   
  • ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืฆื ืจืช ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœ), ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.   

ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื: ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—

ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ (ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—) ืฉืชืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“.   "ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคืฉื˜ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกืš ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชืงืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืงืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.   

4. ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื•ืžืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื”.   ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื•. ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืœืœื ืชื™ืื•ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•, ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืคืขืจื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืกืคืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื:

  1. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช: ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.   
  2. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™: ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืคืจื“, ืืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.   
  3. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘.   
  4. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช: ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’', ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฆื“ ื’' ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฆื“ ื’' ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ.   

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ AIG Rent, ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.   

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฅ

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช:

  • ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ (ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ):"ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืขืจื•ืš, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ (ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžื˜ืขืžื•".   
  • ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’':"ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’' ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื•".   
  • ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™):"ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•/ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ... ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•/ืื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”... ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืœืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช". ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช: 5,000,000 โ‚ช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—".   

5. ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืกืคืงืช ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืง.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืžืฆื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืกืคืง.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช:

  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”: ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืคื™ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™) ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ. ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.
  • ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช: ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกืžืš, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”. ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช.
  • ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”: ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
  • ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™: ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื.



ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก - ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื

ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง1.ืžืงืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืš 400,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืืฉ1. ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื1. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื” ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”1.ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•1. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืกื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช1. ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืกืฃ1. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช1.ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ2. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื2.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื1. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”.ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•1.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”1. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ1. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ืœืขืชื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช1. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ1.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”

ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ2. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช2. ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื›ืกื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™2.

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”

ืื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข2. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคืง ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื2. ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื2. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืชื—.ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช2. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”2. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘1. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1.ื’ื ืื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืžืกื‘ืชื, ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช1.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื.ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.

ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขืชื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™.ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.


28May

ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช: ื“ื•ื— ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืจื™ื“ื”", ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”.

Gemi ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ 

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

  • ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช: ื“ื•ื— ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืจื™ื“ื”", ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”.
  • ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
    • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื”: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2023, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
    • ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™: ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (25-44) ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
    • ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืืชื’ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
    • ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ: ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ, ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชื ืื™ ืžืก ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืฉืงืขื” ื–ื• ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื.
    • ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ: ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023 ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืฆื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืขื–ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœ"ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื".
    • ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช: ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•"ืœ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช) ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
  • ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช: ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.

1. ืžื‘ื•ื: ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ

ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื“ืชื, ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืชืคืกืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ืื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืชื•ืก ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ "ืขืœื™ื™ื”" (ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื™ืจื™ื“ื”" ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืฉื ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื›ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื™ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื ืขืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ื•ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื• ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.

2. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ

2.1. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”

ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืืชื” ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืื– 2023, ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” (ืœืž"ืก) ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื“ ืฉืœ 46.4% ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ืช 2022, ื›ืืฉืจ 55,300 ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืš. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 5.7 ืœื›ืœ 1,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024, ืขื ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื. ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืž"ืก ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›-82,700 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024. ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 2024, ื›-4,800 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื ืชืง ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ 2.5 ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022. ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ืจืคื–, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2013 ืœ-2023, ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืก 14.3 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืžืฉื ืช 2022, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 27.5- ืืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 , ื•ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืœ-58.9- ืืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2024, ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 18,200 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื—ื•"ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024 ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 32,800, ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ืช 2023.ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืœืž"ืก ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื” ืžืื– 2022 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื“ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›"ืขื•ื–ื‘" ืจืง ืื ืฉื”ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื›ืขืช, ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” , ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœ-275 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.

2.2. ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023, ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื (ื›-28.8 ืืœืฃ, 52%), ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื (ื›-26.5 ืืœืฃ, 48%). ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” 31.6 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ 30.7) ืžื ืฉื™ื (ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ 32.5).ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื 25 ืขื“ 44, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืื™ื’, ื›ืžืขื˜ 48% ืžื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 20 ืขื“ 45, ื•-27% ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 45, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

3. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“-ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ืืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” (Push Factors) ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” (Pull Factors).

3.1. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” (Push Factors)

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื:

  • ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืืชื’ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืงืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆืข, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
  • ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื: ืกืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ" ื•ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืคืœื™ื” ื ืชืคืกืช, ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023 ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื, ืขืงื™ืจืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 285% ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืจื“.
  • ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”: ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.

3.2. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” (Pull Factors)

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช:

  • ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช: ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช.
  • ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช: ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœื—ื•"ืœ.
  • ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™: ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.

4. ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.

4.1. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช

ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ 11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ื–ื™ื ืงื• ืœ-196 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-901 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• 2.293 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงืœื” ืฉืœ 5.7% ืž-2.433 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 2017 ืขื 6.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื™ืœื•ื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ืช 2022 ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช: ืจืง 15% ืžื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื: 33% ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, 22% ื‘ืงืžืขื•ื ืื•ืช, 17% ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•-13% ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจืช JLL ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.

4.2. ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”.
  • ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื–ื”ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ 2%-3.5% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ืขืœ 3%-4.5% (ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขื“ 5%), ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ 5%-8.5% ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื: ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ (ื›ืžื• Airbnb) ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
  • ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ืžืก: ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืก ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืคืœ ืžืก. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืก ืฉืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืงื•ื–ื– ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืก ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืžื ืข ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื 19%, ื•ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 6% ื™ืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 25% ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  • ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืขื“ 70% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืขื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 30 ืฉื ื”.
  • ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

4.3. ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื

ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื:

  • ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
  • ืื™ืจื•ืคื”:
    • ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ: ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืช, ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืก ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื. ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื• ื‘-10.9% ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ 2020 ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
    • ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ: ื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช (ืขื“ 80% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก).
    • ื™ื•ื•ืŸ: ื™ืขื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ืขื ื˜ื™ืกื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ืืžื ืช ืžืก ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
    • ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”: ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉื›ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
    • ืกืคืจื“: ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ 2008, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื™ืจื“ื•, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
    • ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ: ื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืชื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
    • ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”: ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืงืจืฉื˜ ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื.
    • ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” (ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜): ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช.
  • ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช: ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื•ืื‘ื• ื“ืื‘ื™ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.

4.4. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ

ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™:

  • ืžื™ืกื•ื™:
  • ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ("ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™").ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ืื ืฉื•ืœื ืžืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ.
    • ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”: ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—:
      • ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ: ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืก ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืข, ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ืื—ื–ืงื”, ืคื—ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.
      • ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื—ืช (15%): ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืก ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 15% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•, ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืคื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื–ื•ื– ืžืก ืฉืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
    • ืžืก ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ: ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืงื™ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืœื ืžืก ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 25%. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžื ืช ืžืก ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื›ืคืœ ืžืก, ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืก. ืื ืฉื•ืœื ืžืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืž-25%, ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
    • ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—: ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ 500,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื•ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›-2.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—.
  • ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช: ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 75% ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžืœื•ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš (1-3%), ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ (1-2%), ืžื™ืกื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืจื—ื•ืง (5-10% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”).
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™: ืœืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช (ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื), ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ (ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,  ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—). ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืžืก ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืจื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืกืงื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช.
  • ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”: ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ื›ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช โ€“ ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืชื•ืš ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช.

5. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”.

5.1. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง, ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ , ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืชื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื”ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” , ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื–ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” , ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.

5.2. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช

ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช:

  • ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช: ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.
  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื: ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœ"ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช" ื•ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

5.3. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช: ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื’ืžืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืš ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-13.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘-50% ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื ืช 2023, ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ 1,900 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024.ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช (ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื) ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ 22 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืข"ืž ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.

6. ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื– 2023 ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜. ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชื ืื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื”ืžืชืจื›ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืชืคืกื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื.ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช), ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืขื“ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืžืฆื“ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.




27May

ืžืืžืจื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืš

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื


ืื—ืจื™ 70 ืฉื ื”: ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ


ื”ืฆืชื•ืช? ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื


ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”: "ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช"


ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื โ€“ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืคืงื—?



"ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ"


ื”ืžืฉืš - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš...



ื›ืœื™ AI ืœืฉืžืื™ - ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ 


ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจ - ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื -  ืœื™ื™ื‘

ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช - ื›ืืŸ

https://chat.whatsapp.com/KdLvHxJsFJWAflSz7vSk3L



"ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง - ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”"


ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื”? ืื– ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื”



ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ - ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืื ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง?


ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ - ื—ืจื“ื™ื

ื”ืžืฉืš - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš...


ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ืœื™ AI ืœืฉืžืื™ ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ

ืื• ื›ืืŸ > https://chat.whatsapp.com/Cn75usIi8t0LSME2QuT0mn  

ืชืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืœืš ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ...

ื” - AI ืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืŸ



ื”ืžืฉืš - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš...

ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ


ื”ืกืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ืŸ: ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ


ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”



ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื”: ื”ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื - ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ืคื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื



ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ - ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ืืŸ

ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”: https://chat.whatsapp.com/Fdywzbu9B5h6iM9q452fyo 

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืžืื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช  - ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™? ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื›ืืŸ


ื”ืžืฉืš - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš...


ื‘ื’"ืฅ: ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื”


ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื‘ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื˜ืคืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช: "ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื"


ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื: ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”?


ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื: ืจืž"ื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ืœื›-2,000 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช


"ืขืกืงื•ืช ืฉื ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื": ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืŸ 100 ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘-79 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ


ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื”ื: ื›ืš ืชื™ืจืื” ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื


ืžืก ื‘ืจืงืช: ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืจื’ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”



ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื? ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืงืข ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ื‘ืชื™ื - ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ



ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžืขืจื™ืš: ื”ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™?


ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืืงืจื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื: ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข


ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืื™ื: "ืžื™ ืืชื”? ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืื•ื•ื”?"


ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื–ื ืื™ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื: ืจืž"ื™ ืชืชืงืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื ื—ืœื•ืช 


ืื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ื•ื›ืœื‘ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ โ€ข ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืงื™ื: "ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจ"


20 ืืœืฃ ืงื ืก ืœืื ื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืื›ื™ืœื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื


ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื, ืžื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืื ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”


ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืื‘ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื‘ื ืขื ื™": "ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข - ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื—ื"


ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ - ืžื™ ืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจ?


ืกื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืฆืชื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืชื ื”: ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ืฉืจื”


ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืžื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”-AI: "ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”"


ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื


ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืกืก. ื”ืื ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•


ืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ืœืžืžืœื›ื•ืช AI: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“



ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื•ืชื‘ืข ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ


ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื–ื›ืชื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื™ืงืก ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ื ื•, ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›- 19.5 ืืœืคื™ ืž"ืจ ื™ื™ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›- 231 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—


ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืงืจื• ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžืชื—ื 3700 (ืžืชื—ื ืžื ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘), ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื›-385 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—



ืคืชื—ื• ืžืกืคืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืžื” ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜?


ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ืคืก"ื“ ืืฉื“ืจ โ€“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื—ืžื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™


ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื˜ืฃ, ืืš ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจ


ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ! ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ!


ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” - ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื


ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืฉื’ื™ื™ืก ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืช"ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•


ืฉื•ืง ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช: ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืชื” ืืช ืืฉ ื”ืžืจื“



ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืก: ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 15.9% ืžืื– ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ



ืคื™ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื ืขืฆืจื” ื”ืงืžืช ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื


ื‘-9 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ: ืืกื™ ื•ืขื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืœื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘


ืžื ื›"ืœ ืจืž"ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: "ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืœื ืžืฉืงืจืช - ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"


ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ: ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื - ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื



ื—ืžื™ื ืื™ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ


ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 5 ืฉื ื™ื: ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘-250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ


ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื˜ืฃ, ืืš ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจ


ื’ื•ืœื“ืงื ื•ืคืฃ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกื“ืจ ืœื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื


ืขื•"ื“ ื”ืคื ื” ืœืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ืง ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกืš 3.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ


ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•: ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื


ืœื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช: ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื - ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ ืจืข ืžืื•ื“


ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื™ื–ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืœืŸ: ืœื ื™ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืช"ื


ื‘ื ืช"ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ: ื”ืžื˜ืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ืœื ื™ืคืขืœ ืœืคื ื™ 2040





ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ 5 ื™ืžื™ื | ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ

26May

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ! ืืœ ืชื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืœ ื‘ื›ื. ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื ืจืช ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.

ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ: ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืกื”

ืžื‘ื•ื - ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืชื“ืขื•

ื›ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื ื–ื™ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: "ื–ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžื›ืกื”". ื”ื ืžื”ืชืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื.

ืžื” ื–ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ

ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ:

  • ืฆื ืจืช ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
  • ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื‘ื™
  • ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
  • ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
  • ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ืžืขืœื™ืช, ื—ื“ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™.

ืื™ืš ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ?

ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจืง "ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื" ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ - ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•.

ืื™ืš ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ?

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ

ืื ืงืจืชื” ืืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืœื•ื‘ื™, ืื• ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืื—ืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ:

  • ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”) ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื.
  • ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ.
  • ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ).

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฆื ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช

ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืื• ื”ืชื‘ืงืข: 

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™:

  • ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
  • ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™: ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ื™ืจื”:

  • ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื.
  • ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
  • ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›"ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ".

ืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?

ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื:

  • ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืžืื™ - ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช
  • ืžืืชืจ ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ - ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
  • ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ื•ืกืคื™ื - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ื ื•ื›ื•'
  • ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื!

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื. ืืœ ืชื™ื›ื ืขื•!

ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง

ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ (ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช):

  • "ื–ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ืกื™ื"
  • "ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช"
  • "ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื"
  • "ื”ื ื–ืง ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื™ืจื”"

ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™:

ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื ืงื•ื“ื”.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื ื–ื™ืœื”?

ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื:

  1. ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง - ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช.
  2. ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ืืœ ืชื—ื›ื•!
  3. ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื - ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
  4. ืืœ ืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื“ื—ื™ื•ืช - ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื’ื“ื›ื.

ืืœ ืชืงื‘ืœื• "ืœื" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืžื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” - ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื”?

ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืžื“:

  • ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื.
  • ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื”.
  • ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื:

  • ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช.
  • ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
  • ืœื“ืื’ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื.
  • ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื - ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ:

  1. ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ - ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
  2. ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื›ื - ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ืื™ื.
  3. ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ืœื•ืœ - ืฉืžืื™, ืžืืชืจ ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.
  4. ืืœ ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— "ืžื•ื›ืจืช" ืœื›ื - ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื! ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.


ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช? ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื

ืื ื ืชืงืœืชื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืื• ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื - ืืœ ืชื™ืฉืืจื• ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื:

  • ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื
  • ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
  • ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง

ื–ื›ืจื•: ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ืžืืชืจ ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•') ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื! ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืชื›ื. ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื• ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžืš, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžืื™ ืžื˜ืขืžืš ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš? ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ - ื›ืืŸ

ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืžืื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”; ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืฉืžืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื

26May

"ืื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืœื ื“": ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื‘-2010, ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”, ืขืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืคื™ืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื— ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืฆืžืจืจืช: "ืื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืœื ื“." ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืก ืื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– (!) ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. โ€‹ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ: "ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ."ืคื™ืฉืจ, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืงืจื ืœืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชื ืคื—ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื ืฉื›ื—ื”. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื”, ื•ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ โ€“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง.

"ืื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืœื ื“": ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื”

ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืืช ืคื•ื ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 2012 ื•ื ื™ืคื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืชืฉืœื— ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืชืงื•ื ื•ืชืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื.

ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืชืงืจื•ืก ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”! ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ ื—ื–ื•ืจ.

12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืช ืคื•ื ื–ื™ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”-13 ื‘ืงืจื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขื ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืคืจืฉื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” 13 ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื.

ื‘-2010, ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”, ืขืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืคื™ืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื— ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืฆืžืจืจืช:

"ืื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืœื ื“."

ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืก ืื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– (!) ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.

ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ:

"ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ."ืคื™ืฉืจ, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืงืจื ืœืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชื ืคื—ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื ืฉื›ื—ื”. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื”.

ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื”, ื•ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ โ€“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง.


ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ โ€“ ืืœื ืžืชื™.

  • ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
  • ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืื ืง ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื.
  • ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”.
  • 51% ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘"ื‘ืœื•ืŸ" โ€“ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ืงื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™.

ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื?

ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ. ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ. ืจืง ืžืฉื“ืจ ืฉืงื˜ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ.


ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ:

ืื™ืš ืงืจื” ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืชืงื™ื?

ืคื™ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื.

ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ โ€“ ื–ื” ืœื ืื, ื–ื” ืžืชื™.

ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื” ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช:

1. ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™

ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืขืฆื•ื โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ. ืื ืจืง 0.5% ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื, ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™.

2. ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•: ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ†’ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช

ืื 0.5% ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืคื•ื™ (ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื), ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืคืื ื™ืงื”:

  • ืฉื•ืง ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจ.
  • ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง "ื”ืจืฉืžื™" ื ืฉื—ืง.
  • ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื (LTV ืขื•ืœื”).

ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื“: ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.

3. ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช

ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืงืจื™ืกื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืืœื ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”.

ืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืžืข ืฉึพ0.5% ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืขืจื›ื” ื™ืจื“ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืœื ื’ื. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื self-fulfilling prophecy โ€“ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.

4. ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”

ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืจื™ืืœื™ (ื›ืžื• "ื‘ืœื•ืŸ"), ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืคื ืก ืื“ื•ื โ€“ ืœื ื›ืชื•ื โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™.


ืžืื™ 2025. ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื ื—ืฆื”.

ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืก: ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 15.9% ืžืื– ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ

ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-550 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—. ืžืชื•ื›ื โ€“ 3.59 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ.
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“: ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘-2010.ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”. ื–ื” ืกื™ืจื ื”.ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“โ€ฆ
ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื™ืกื, ื•ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.

ืžืกืงื ื”:

ืคื™ืฉืจ ืฆื“ืง. 0.5% ื–ื” ื”ืกื“ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.

ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืง ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืกื›ืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื.

ืื ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืื™ 2025 ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 550 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœึพ3.59 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—, ืื– ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื:

3.59รท550โ‰ˆ0.6523.59 รท 550 โ‰ˆ 0.652%3.59รท550โ‰ˆ0.652

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช:

  • ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืจืฃ ื”-0.5% ืฉืคื™ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื•.
  • ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ โ€“ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืงืฃ ืชื™ืง ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.
  • ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.

ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.

ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• "ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืคื™ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืžื ื”" โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:

ื”ืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• โ€“

ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืงื” ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”?

ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” โ€“ ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.

ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.

ื•ื›ืš ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ืจื”, ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ืขื ืง, ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจ, ื”ืฉืžืื™ื ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ ืจืง ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื™ื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื™ืขืฆืจ โ€“ ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืืฃ ื›ื™ืกื.

ื•ืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ืื—ืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืงื ื” ื“ื™ืจื”.

ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.



25May

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืœืžื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ืœืฉืžืื™ ืฉื™ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง, ืื• ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืื™: ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ (ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜). ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.

ืžื‘ื•ื

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืœืžื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ืœืฉืžืื™ ืฉื™ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง, ืื• ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืื™.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืื™

ืฉืžืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื, ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ืืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื•, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™

1. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืŸ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ, ื•ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—. ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

2. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช

ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—), ื•ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•.

3. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™.

4. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืจืง ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.

ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืžืื™?

ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื• ืจื›ื‘. ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืื–ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช

ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืื™:

  • ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
  • ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืื™ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืื• ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช:

  1. ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ - ืงื‘ืœืช ืกื›ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง
  2. ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” - ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ
  3. ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช - ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช
  4. ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช - ื”ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”

ืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ?

ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื“ืข, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืžืื™ ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืื™ ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืื• ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืื™ ืื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.

23May

ื”ืื ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ืžื›ืกื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœืš? ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืื• ืขืกืง

๐Ÿ“Œ ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืืฆื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืกืง, ืžืฉืจื“ ืื• ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื?

ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื.


โŒ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœ โ€“ ืœื ืžื›ืกื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขืกืง (ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• ืคื™ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช:

1. ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœ "ืื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™"

ืื ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง (ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื”), ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ โ€“ ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ืงืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”.

2. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขืกืงื™

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ โ€“ ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืขืกืงื™.

3. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

ืื ืœืงื•ื— ืื• ืกืคืง ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ: ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.


๐Ÿงพ ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืขืกืงื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื

ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”
ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“โœ… ื›ืŸ (ืžืœื)
ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ (ืคืจื˜ื™+ืขืกืงื™)โš ๏ธ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”
ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“โŒ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™

โš ๏ธ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช โ€“ ืคืจืฆื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช

ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:

  • ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื’ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘
  • ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
  • ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช

ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืฆื“ ื’' ืœืขืกืง.


๐Ÿ”ง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?

ืกื•ื’ ืขืกืงืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” (ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ)ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช
ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื/ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื/ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ืื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
ืขืกืง ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ / ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืขืกืง ืžืœืื” โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื“ ื’', ืชื›ื•ืœื”, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืชืจืช ืืชื›ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื!


โš–๏ธ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื

1. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’

ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื-ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืชืจ. ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ โ€“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืชื›ื ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.

2. ื“ื™ืจืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ืคืขืœืช ืขืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”.


๐Ÿง  ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช

  1. ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
  2. ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
  3. ืฉืงืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช โ€“ ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ.
  4. ื•ื“ืื• ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
  5. ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžืื™ โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.

โœ๏ธ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืจื™ื’ โ€“ ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืกืง ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื™.

๐Ÿ“ž ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™?

ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”?

ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื!

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ: ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

1. ืžื‘ื•ื: ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืก ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ืฆืคื” ืื• ื ื–ืง ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืงื™ืฃ, ื”ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.   ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื–ืžื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช (ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื), ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ "AIG Rent", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ "ืœืฉื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืกืงืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“.   

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ

ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ:

  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืคื’ืข ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™-ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื”.   
  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ืื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื) ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืคืจื˜ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืฆืคื”.   
  • ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ื’' (Third Party Liability): ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืžื›ืกื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืื• ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืฆื“ ื’' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.   

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžื‘ื ื”, ืชื›ื•ืœื”, ืฆื“ ื’') ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช. ืื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืื ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข "ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช" ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ. ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.   

2. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ (Waiver of Subrogation): ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื

ืžื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช?

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 62 ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื-1981. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง, "ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื”.   "ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘" ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ื‘ืืฉืžืชื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ.   ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ืœ"ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงื“ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.   

ืžื“ื•ืข ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื?

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช:

  • ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ: ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.   
  • ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ: ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืง ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ.   

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืคืช ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืจืš ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›"ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš".   

ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืžืคืชื—

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 62 ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื-1981. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกืขื™ืฃ 68 ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื•ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.   ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื• ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 3948/97 ืืจื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืืฉืจืช ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืกืก ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื• ืฉืชื•ืงืคื ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ.   ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืช"ื (ืฉืœื•ื ืช"ื) 37796-03-13, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ื 11081/02 ื“ื•ืœื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•.   

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.

  1. ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื›ืืฉืจ "ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘" ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ืชื›ื•ืœืชื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’'. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืชืง ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜.   
  2. ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: "ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ (ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžื˜ืขืžื•". ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”.   

ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืื ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืชื•ื‘ืข. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืืœื ืื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœื•. ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ืื• ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.   

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”

ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฉืคืขื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœืœ.   ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืงื™ื–ื•ื– ืœื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ "ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™" (ื›ืžื• AIG Rent), ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกืžืš ื˜ืจื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.   

3. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (Cross-Liability): ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืกื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”?

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื "ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช") ื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’', ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ื“ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ), ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื ืคืจื“.   ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืฃ), ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ.   ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช "ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ (ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจ). ืœืœื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืื ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืงื“ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื.   

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”: ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืื• ืืฉ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืฉื›ื ื•.   ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ "ื’ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช" ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช "ืœื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื ืคื— ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.   

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

  • ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™: ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืกืคืง ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.   
  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื: ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.   
  • ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”: ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื›ืฆื“ ื’' ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคืฉื˜ืช ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.   
  • ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืฆื ืจืช ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœ), ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.   

ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื: ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—

ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ (ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—) ืฉืชืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“.   "ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคืฉื˜ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกืš ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชืงืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืงืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกืš ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.   

4. ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื•ืžืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื”.   ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื•. ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืœืœื ืชื™ืื•ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•, ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืคืขืจื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืกืคืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื:

  1. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช: ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.   
  2. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™: ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืคืจื“, ืืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.   
  3. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘.   
  4. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช: ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’', ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฆื“ ื’' ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฆื“ ื’' ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ.   

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ AIG Rent, ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.   

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฅ

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช:

  • ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ (ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ):"ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืขืจื•ืš, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ (ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžื˜ืขืžื•".   
  • ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’':"ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื“ ื’' ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื•".   
  • ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™):"ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•/ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ... ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•/ืื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”... ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืœืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช". ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช: 5,000,000 โ‚ช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—".   

5. ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง. ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืกืคืงืช ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืง.ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืžืฆื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืกืคืง.ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช:

  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”: ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกืขื™ืคื™ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช (ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™) ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ. ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.
  • ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช: ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกืžืš, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”. ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช.
  • ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”: ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
  • ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™: ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื.



ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ-ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ

ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก - ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื

ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง1.ืžืงืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืš 400,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืืฉ1. ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื1. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื” ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”1.ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•1. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืกื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช1. ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืกืฃ1. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช1.ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ2. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื2.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื1. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”.ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•1.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”1. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ1. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1.

ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘

ืœืขืชื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช1. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”1. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ1.

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”

ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ2. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช2. ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืชื›ืกื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™2.

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”

ืื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข2. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคืง ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื2. ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืš2.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื2. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืชื—.ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช2. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”2. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘1. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1.ื’ื ืื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืžืกื‘ืชื, ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช1.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื.ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.

ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื

ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขืชื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™.ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง ื•ืžืชื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.


22May

ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื”ื–ื™ื–ื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช? ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”? ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”: ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.

ื›ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ื–ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื”

ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”: ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง

ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื–ืขืงื•:

"ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื–ืขื–ืขื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช"

"ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืกื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื•"ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืื•ืœ:

ื‘ืืžืช? ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืชื—ืช ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืžื•ืง โ€“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ืื™ืชืŸ?ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช: ืœื. ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. ื•ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจื” โ€“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืง.


ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ืื• ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ื™ื?

ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืจื“ืช โ€“ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื, ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื.

ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช, ืชื™ืื•ื, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช.ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”"ืฉื•ืง" ืœื ื–ื–:

1. ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื ืžืจืคื™ื

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื โ€“ ื’ื ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื.

2. ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ื•ื— ื”ืืคืก, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื–ื” "ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืง".

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

3. ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืฉืช"ืค ืกืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”.

ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ "ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช" โ€“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.

4. ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช

ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื“ืžื”, ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, ื”ืกืชืจืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืœื ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™.


ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืžืช โ€“ ืื• ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื”?

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ โ€œื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ โ€œื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืชโ€. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื? ืฉืœื™ืœื™.

ืžื” ืขื ื”ืื™ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื? ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช.

ืžื” ืขื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—? ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื›ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืžื›ืจืช.ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื’ื™ืจ ืืžืช ืขืžื•ืงื”: ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ. ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก. ืžื‘ื•ื™ื.


ืžืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ?

ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื”ื“ืœืง โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื ืงืจื™ืกืช ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืื” ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช.

ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืคืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืื‘ื“ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.


ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื”

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ื–ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง.

ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.

ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื โ€“ ืืœื ืžืชื™, ื•ืื™ืš ื ื™ืขืจืš ืœื–ื”.

ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”


21May

ื”ืžืกืžืš "ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช" ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ืฉืชืงื• ืื• ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืžืกืžืš ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืืฉืจ: ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื. ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

๐Ÿงฑ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ืœื ื”ืฉื•ืง

ืžืืช: ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ" 

ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช".

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืชืขื” โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืžื”.

๐Ÿฆ ืœื ืฉื•ืง โ€“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช

ื”ืžืกืžืš ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื• ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื:

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืืœื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื›ืš. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช:

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืข, ืืœื ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

๐Ÿ“‰ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?

  1. ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื“ื•ื— ืืคืก, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืืœื™.
  2. ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข โ€“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง.
  3. ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืงื• ื”ืืฉืจืื™, ืœื”ื™ื—ืกื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”?

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ืฉื•ืง ืงืคื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฉื•ืง".

โš ๏ธ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื ื™ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™

ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ, ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืืฃ ืงื•ืจื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ืขืœ "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–", ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืจื˜ืœ โ€“ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช.

๐Ÿงจ ื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืžืš?

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ื”ืžืกืžืš ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื•ืขื”". ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง.

ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืขื• ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื• "ืฉื•ืง" ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช.

โœ… ืžืกืงื ื”: ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ื”ืœ โ€“ ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™

ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ, ืฉืžืื™, ื•ืื–ืจื— โ€“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื:

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœื ืžืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืฉื•ืง.

ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืื™ื” ืžื›ืจืขืช: ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ืš ื ืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš โ€“ ื•ืœืžื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.


๐Ÿ“Œ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?

๐Ÿ“ฉ ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืžืื•ืชื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ โ€“ ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ืžื“ื•ืžื”.

๐Ÿงก ืฉืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•: ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช.


ื”ืžืกืžืš "ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช" ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ืฉืชืงื• ืื• ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.

ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš:

โœ”๏ธ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘:

  1. ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ืขืงื‘ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
  2. ื”ื‘ื ืง ื›ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื–ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื โ€“ ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœื›ืš. ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ RPM (Retail Price Maintenance) โ€“ ืืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•.
  3. ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืกืคืงื™ื.
  4. ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”:
    • ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
    • ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ.
    • ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
    • ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”.

โ— ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ืกืจื•ืช:

  1. ื”ืžืกืžืš ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื•ืขื”" โ€“ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื•ืขืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
  2. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•.
  3. ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื›ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ืื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” (ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™).

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื“:

ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ืš ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉ:
  • ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
  • ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืฉืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื.
  • ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื— โ€“ ื–ื” ืžืกืžืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
ื•ืื ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืจืื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

ืžื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื‘ื ืง ืื ื”ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื•"ืื•ื›ืœ" ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช

 ืžื“ื•ืข ืื›ืคืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ืง ืฉื”ื™ื–ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ:


๐Ÿ“Œ 1. ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช

ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืง ืžืžืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื–ื ืืฉืจืื™ (ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™) ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ(ืœืคื™ "ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก").
  • ืื ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฆื•ื ื—.
  • ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง, ื–ื” ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื–ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘.

๐Ÿ“Œ 2. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ โ€“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื

ื‘ื ืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ืชื™ืง ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื•:
  • ืื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“ "ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืง", ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืคืจืฉ ื–ืืช ื›ืื™ืชื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” โ€“ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืžื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื’ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
  • ื–ื” ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืคืงื˜: ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ื“ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
๐Ÿ’ฃ ื›ืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื–ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”.

๐Ÿ“Œ 3. ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื‘ื ืง: ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื•

ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืช = ืืคืก ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื™ื–ื = ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช (ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื–ื ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ื•ื— ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™).
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”:
  • ื”ื‘ื ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™/ ืชืงื•ืข.
  • ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื ืคืจืข ื—ืœืงื™ืช โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื–ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ (ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื™ื).

๐Ÿ“Œ 4. ื”ืคืกื“ ืกืžื•ื™: ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืืคืก

ืื ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•"ื— ื”ืืคืก:
  • ื”ื‘ื ืง ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช: ืื™ืš ืื™ืฉืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™ืช?
  • ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื ืื‘ืง ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื”.

๐Ÿ“Œ 5. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื ืง ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™:
  • ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœื”.
  • ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ "ื ื ืขืœื”".
  • ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื‘ื ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ.

๐Ÿงฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:

  • ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก: ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช.
  • ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ืช: 2.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช.
  • ื”ื™ื–ื "ืฉื•ื‘ืจ" ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ึพ2.2 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.
  • ื”ื‘ื ืง ืจื•ืื”: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 12% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” => ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” => ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื => ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ื™ืงืช ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช => ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

๐Ÿ’ก ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื“:

ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื–ื "ื™ื ืฆืœ" ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืง ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืžืฆื‘ ืงืœืืกื™: ื™ื–ื ืฉื‘ื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืงื— ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื ืง, ื”ืฉืงื™ืข, ืชื›ื ืŸ, ื‘ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืจื“ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื ื—ืœืฉ, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืชื”, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจ. ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื–ื? ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืช โ€“ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืชื–ืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ืกืœ ื—ื•ื‘. ื ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™: ื”ื‘ื ืง ืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•.

๐Ÿ’ฃ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?

๐Ÿ’ฐ 1. ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” = ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ืœื ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ืช

ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืง ืžืžืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ "ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก" ืฉืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื. ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื—ืง ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™.ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื•. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

๐Ÿงฏ 2. ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ื“

ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืงื“ื™ื. ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืง โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืืฆืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.

๐Ÿฆ 3. ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืืœื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื โ€“ ืชืžื™ื“. ื”ื‘ื ืง ืื™ืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืื• ืขื•ืœื”. ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™? ืžืžืฉ ืœื. ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ืฆืคื™ื•ืช.

โ›“ 4. ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืืคืก โ€“ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื™ื–ื

ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืืคืก. ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื ืง. ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™? ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.

๐Ÿ“‰ 5. ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ > ืชื–ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™

ื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื–ื "ื™ืกืคื•ื’" ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื• ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื โ€“ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื’ื•ืกืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.


โš ๏ธ ืžืกืงื ื”:

ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื–ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ โ€“ ื›ื™ ืื– ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื• ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื.ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืชื™ืื•ื, ื•ื”ืกืชืจื”. ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง โ€“ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ... ืขื“ ืฉืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.


๐Ÿ—ฃ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื•ื“?

ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’, ืฉืชืคื•, ื•ืืœ ืชื”ืกืกื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื.









ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ


ืืื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืก ืื•ืคืจื ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžืกืจื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื‘ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื?


ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื ื’'ื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื


ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง" - ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื–ื”"


ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ


ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ


ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื— ื•ื‘ื•ืขืชื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขืจื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™


ื”ืกืจื˜ "The Big Short" ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื - ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช?



ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช.



ื”ืกืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ืŸ: ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ

20May

ืžืืžืจื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืš

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื

ืกืงื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2024 ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 19.5.2025



ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืืกื•ืŸ: ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฆื•ื ืืžื™ - ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื–ื ืงื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘


ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื


ื”ืงืกื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช: "ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื›ืืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื“"


"ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืŸ


ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžืœื™ื˜ื ื•ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื’'ืŸ


ื‘ืœืขื“ื™: ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“


ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืขื ืง


"ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืŸ


50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-2 ื“ื•ื ื: ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ืคื™ืง ืงื ื• ืงืจืงืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช | ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื


ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: 2024 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืขื 204,428 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช


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ื›ืœื™ AI ืœืฉืžืื™ - ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ 


ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจ - ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื -  ืœื™ื™ื‘

ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช - ื›ืืŸ

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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื ื›ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจื– ืจืž"ื™ ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ


ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ: ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื™ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ


ื‘ื™ืชื ืžื‘ืฆืจื: ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช



ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืž"ืจ ืœืžืœื•ื ืื•ืช, ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื™-ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื“ื˜ืื•ืŸ


ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”-77: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20, ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘-2048?



ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ืงื ืกื•ืช ื•ืืคืก ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื: ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืชืจืกืง ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•


ืžื“ื“ ืช"ื ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 5.5% ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืื ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”?


ื”ืื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืคื’ืขืชื ืžืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง?


ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืคืœืฉื• ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ืจื™ืข


ืจืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” - ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช


ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืกื›ื ืช ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืขื ืง ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

155  ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืคื•ืช: ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—


ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื: ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื


ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืกื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ


ื”ืžืฉืชืœื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื ืฉืจืคื” ื›ืœื™ืœ: "ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื›ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™"


"ืžื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜" ืžืฆื™ื’: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“


ื”ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืชื™ืคื’ืข


ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ื ืื™ื: "ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช"

"ื›ืฉืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืง ื•ื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื•ืขืชื™." - ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.


"ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ": ืžื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื


ืฉื“ื” ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ


"ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื•ืช": ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืงืจื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื


ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืœ"ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ืง" ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืกื’ืจื• ืชืจื™ืกื™ื - ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜


ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื” (50%) ื‘ืžืชื—ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช 56 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—


ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ืœื ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื•ื“ื™. ืกื™. ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื“ืื˜ื” ืกื ื˜ืจ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืชืžื•ืจืช 450 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช



"ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ": ืžื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื


ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ: ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•"ืœ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ - ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ


"20% ืžื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘"


ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืชื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉืŸ: "ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื•ืช"


ื’ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ: ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืคืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ื”ืฆืชื”


ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืช"ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ


ื‘ืŸ 66 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข - ื•ื ืคืœ ืœืžื•ืชื•: "ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช"


ื›-570 ืืœืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืฉื™ืื ื™ืช - ื’'ืกืจ ื-ื–ืจืงื


ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืคืงื”: ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•"ืž ืขื ืžื ื•ืจื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืขื“ 20% ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ



ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ืœื™ AI ืœืฉืžืื™ ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ

ืื• ื›ืืŸ > https://chat.whatsapp.com/Cn75usIi8t0LSME2QuT0mn  

ืชืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืœืš ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ...

ื” - AI ืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืŸ


ื”ืžืฉืš - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš...


ื”ืื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื™ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’? ''ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ''



ืžื›ืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”: "ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช"



ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 2.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ: ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช



ื‘ื ื• 60 ืž"ืจ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง - ื•ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืฆื• ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื” ื ื’ื“ื


ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ ืจืคืื™ื



ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ - ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ืืŸ

ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”: https://chat.whatsapp.com/Fdywzbu9B5h6iM9q452fyo 

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืžืื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช  - ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™? ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื›ืืŸ



"ืชืžื›ื•ืจ ื•ืชื˜ื•ืก ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”": ื›ืš ืžืชืžืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช


ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžื–ื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ

ืืจืฅ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉืŸ: ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”?

ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฉืคืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ?


ืžืขืœ 15 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ - ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช


ืจื˜"ื’ ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ 600 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืžืื“ื”ื ืื‘ื• ื–ื™ื™ื“ืืŸ


ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ืช: ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช 1,500 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”


ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ืงื ื•ืคืฃ: ื”ืกื‘ืช ืžื›ืจื–ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ - ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™


ืœื ื™ืชื ื• โ€“ ื™ืงื‘ืœื•: ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ืื•ื ืืœ-ืคื—ื ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื


"ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืกื˜ื™ืจื•ืช 40 ื“ืงื•ืช": ื“ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืขืœ ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื ื• ื‘-7.10 - ื•ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ


ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”: ืคืชืืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” "ื“ื” ื’'ืืคื”" ื‘-123 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ


ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืงืจืก ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช: "ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœ"


ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขืคื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืงืคืื”, ื•ืžืื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขืชื



ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”: ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ื ืงื ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื ื—ื”


ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ืช


ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืช"ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืฉ


ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืฉืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš


ืขืžื™ ื’ืจื•ืค ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืืช ืžืชื—ื ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืกื ื˜ืจ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ืชืžื•ืจืช 330 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ


ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• 175 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ - ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืงื•ืข ื™ื•ืฉืœื ืื—ืจื™ 6 ืฉื ื™ื


ื“ื•"ื— ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ืžื™ ืชืขืฉ: ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช


ื‘ื ื™ ืœื ื“ื: "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื•"



ืชื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื•ืชืฉืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” 50 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ



ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ



ื”ืžื˜ืจื• ื™ื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ: "ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—"ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ"



ื“ื™ืจื•ืช Airbnb ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ โ€” ืืกื•ืจื”


ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช: ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•


"ืจืฆื—, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื, ื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืชืžื™ื“": ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืžืžืช ื‘ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื•ื”


ืฆื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืจืช ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ



ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจื ืง: ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ - ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืคืชื—


ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช?


ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ


ื”ืžืงืœ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื: ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื? ืชืฉืœืžื•


ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืจืคืกืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—. ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™: 110 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ


ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ S&P ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช


ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ื: "ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืกืžื™ื"


ื ืชืงืขืช ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื? ืชืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ: ืฉื™ืœื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื - ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจ



ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”? ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื ืงื•ืช


ืกืงื™ืจืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืจืฅ 2025


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืœืžื”: ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืจ


ืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ: ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื”


ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืงื•ืฃ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžื ื–ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ึพ900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ


"ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืช"ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘-15%; ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช"


ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ


ื‘ื ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืง ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ


ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืžื—ื•ืŸ: "ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€” ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜"


ืžื™ ืืฉื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื? ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื


ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื: "ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”"



"ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืช"ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘-15%; ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช"


ืžื™ ืืฉื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื? ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื


ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืืฉืžื” ืœื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื


ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ GPTs ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช


ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื: ื ืฉืžืจืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืช"ื; ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”


ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช?


ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ืื—ืจ


ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืจื“ื• ืกื•ืคืกื•ืฃ?


ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ - ื™ื ื•ืืจ-ืžืจืฅ 2025


ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ: ื”ื™ื›ื•ื ื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”



ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืคืฉืจื” - ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืกื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื 250 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืคืฉืจื”



โ€œืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸืด


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”"ืžื‘ืงืจ": ืฆื• ื”ืจื™ืกื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื "ืฆ ืขืžื™ืช ืคื•ืœืง ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื—ื“ืจื”


ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช - ืืคืจื™ืœ-2025


ื›ืฉืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-5% ื•ื‘ืœืž"ืก ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื


ืฆืคื™ ืœืžืขื•ืคื™ ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืกื™: ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืงื•ืจื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”


ืฆื™ืžืจ ื ืฉืจืฃ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ


ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ โ€ข "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื“'"


โ€ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘


ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกืจื•ืกื™ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืงืžื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืงืจืชื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืคื’ืข. ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื–ื•ืืจืฅ, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ 15.05.25



ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื - ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื


ื”ืขืชื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ืคืกื™ื’: "ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช"


ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ (ื›.ื“) ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (datacenters) ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืงื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืžื•ืจืช 90 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉ"ื—


ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืขืกืงื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžืœื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›- 1,799 ืž"ืจ, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›-3,164 ืž"ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืš ืฉืœ 39,400,000 โ‚ช



ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื - ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื



ืžื“ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื” ื‘-0.1%? ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื


ืจืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ื ืชืงื•ืžื”


ื’ื ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœื ืขื–ืจ: ื”ืคื ื˜ื”ืื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื• ืกื’ื™ืจื”



ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื›ืืŸ 11, ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ืžืกืงื™. ื‘ืงื˜ืข, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ืฉืืœ ืžื•ืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘-30% ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘: "ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื•ืก ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘-30%, ืฉืืœืชื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™? ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-30%, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™" ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืœื˜ื•ืช" (1) - ืื™ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื’ื•ืจ? . ื›ืืŸ


ืœื ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื: ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื


ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ืฉืžื ืคื—ืช ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ


ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—"ื›ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืขื ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื, ื ืงืœืข ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช - ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื“ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืช"ื


ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื”ืชืžืงืžื• ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข โ€“ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœ"ืกื•ืœื—ื”"


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ: ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืชื—ื ื”




"ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”-80/20 ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช"; ื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช?


ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50% ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ


ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘-2024 ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ


ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช: ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ืงืจืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื•


ืžื” ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ - ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช




ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช HAP - ื”ืฉืงืขืชื›ื ื ืžื—ืงื”



ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื”?