17Jun

ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช: ืื™ืš ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ - ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™.


"ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื” - LTV ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ LTP, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืžืžืฉ. ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื" ื•ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ืื• ื ืžื›ืจื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“" ื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช" - ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™: ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื

ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช. ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช: ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฉื•ื•ื™" ืœ"ืžื—ื™ืจ"

LTV ืžื•ืœ LTP โ€“ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื—ืก LTV (Loan to Value) ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘-LTP (Loan to Price) โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.

  • LTV ืืžื™ืชื™: ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก.
  • LTP: ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืฉื•ืœื, ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ

1. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"

ื”ืขืชืงืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื™ืฆืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื— ื•ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™.

2. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื“"

ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืง โ€“ ื’ื ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขื”.

ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ

ื. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™

  • ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘.
  • ืžื—ื“ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ื‘. ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช

  • ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช.
  • ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.

ื›ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™

ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช:

  • ืœื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
  • ืœื ื ื™ืชื—ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
  • ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”.
  • ืœื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ืืœื” โ€“ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘"ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง" ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ื•ืคื—.

ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™:

  • ืฉืžืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”.
  • ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช LTV ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช (80%).
  • ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™:

  • ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”.
  • ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช (20โ€“30%).
  • ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

1. ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

2. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ืขืกืงื”

  • ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืžื™ืงื•ื, ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื.
  • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™-ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžื•ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.

3. ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœืื”

  • ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืžืื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
  • ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžื”.

4. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื

  • ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
  • ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
  • ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ืœื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™: ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ืฉื‘ืชื” ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื›ืขืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžื”ืคืš ืชืคื™ืกืชื™: ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืžืื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจืื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื”. ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• โ€“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื’ืžืจื™.


ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ / The Negative Equity Crisis

ืขื‘ืจื™ืชEnglish
ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™: ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื
ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื ืจื—ื‘...
The Current State: When Banks Realize They're Naked
Israel's banking system is currently facing a troubling phenomenonโ€”widespread negative equity...
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช: ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฉื•ื•ื™" ืœ"ืžื—ื™ืจ"
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื—ืก LTV ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘-LTP...
The Core Issue: Confusing โ€œValueโ€ with โ€œPriceโ€
While LTV should rely on independent economic valuation, banks in practice used LTP...
ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ
1. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื"
2. ื’ื™ืฉืช "ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื ื”ืฉื›ืŸ"
Flawed Valuation Practices That Fueled the Crisis
1. โ€œCopy-Paste Pricingโ€
2. โ€œWhat the Neighbor Paidโ€
ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ
- ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
- ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช
- ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ
Consequences of the Crisis
- Exposure to risk
- Difficulty realizing collateral
- Loss of trust
ื›ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื.
A Systemic Failure to Understand Economic Value
No proper analysis performed; reliance on inflated prices.
ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืฉืžืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืžื’ื‘ืœืช LTV, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™.
ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” โ€“ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
Reform Models: Switzerland & Germany
Switzerland โ€“ Independent appraisers, LTV cap, separation of price and value.
Germany โ€“ Focus on yield, high equity requirements.
ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ
- ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
- ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง
- ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
- ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
Recommendations for Israel
- True value-based calculations
- Deep economic analysis
- Regulatory transparency
- Risk culture reform
ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
Conclusion
A return to conservative, risk-based valuation is requiredโ€”before the bubble bursts.


16Jun

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื“ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืœืž"ืก ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ืง ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืงืคื•ื, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื•ื–. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืชืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืœืž"ืก ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื–ื” ืชืžืฆืื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืžืขืจื›ื™ืช.

2 ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ( 15.6.2025 ) ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืžืฆืื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืžื” - ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืงืจื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช" ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.

ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืœื“ื•"ื— ื”ืœืž"ืก ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจโ€“ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025:


โš ๏ธ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™:

ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื“ื•"ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช:

โื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื ืขืจืžืชโž

๐Ÿ“‰ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื™ืช:

ืกืš ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื”:

  • 22,430 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจโ€“ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ:
    • 20.2% ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจโ€“ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
    • 13.1% ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื ื•ื›ื™ ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช.
    • 10.2% ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืืฉืชืงื“.

ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช:

  • 8,590 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืง 38.3% ืžืกืš ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ:
    • 27.1% ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจโ€“ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
    • 22.7% ืžื ื•ื›ื” ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืฉืชืงื“.
    • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ 24.6% ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืจืฅ).

ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืื˜ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช:

  • 13,840 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 9.4% ืžื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
  • ืืš ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืฉืชืงื“ โ€“ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงืœื” ืฉืœ 0.8% ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ ืคื™ืœื•ื— ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ โ€“ ืงืจื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืฆืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช:

ืžื—ื•ื–ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื-32.0%-10.2%
ืฆืคื•ืŸ-33.3%-16.0%
ื—ื™ืคื”-39.2%-7.3%
ืžืจื›ื–-24.2%-7.4%
ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-36.7%-7.9%
ื“ืจื•ื-37.2%-11.3%
ื™ื•"ืฉ-50.7%-2.7%

๐Ÿ“Œ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื—ื™ืคื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.


๐Ÿ™๏ธ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช:

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•-43.9%-5.6%
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื-35.9%-10.9%
ืื•ืคืงื™ื-36.5%ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข
ืœื•ื“-46.5%+3.5%
ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช-26.9%+14.1%
ื‘ืช ื™ื-59.3%-3.5%
ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”-36.1%+4.3%
ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”+100%-1.2%

๐Ÿ—๏ธ ืžืœืื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆืข:

  • ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืคืจื™ืœ: 79,410 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื ืžื›ืจื•.
  • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 20.5% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2024.
  • ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฆืข: 27.8 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื™ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
  • 50% ืžื”ืžืœืื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืช"ื (31.5%) ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– (24.3%) ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

๐Ÿ”Ž ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™:

1. ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™

ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืชืช ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื”: ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช (LTP ื‘ืžืงื•ื LTV).

2. ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืžืชื ืคื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ืžืœืื™ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืคื—.

3. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื•ืขืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจืช

ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืฆืคืชื” ื”ืงืคืื” โ€“ ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืคืจืง, ื•ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื.

4. ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื”, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฆืข ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื, ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (61.7%) โ€“ ืฉื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

๐Ÿ“Œ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช:

  1. ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื: ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
  2. ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืœื—ื›ื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื.
  3. ืœืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ: ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆืข, ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืจืง ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
  4. ืœืฉืžืื™ื: ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”.

ื“ื•ื— ืžืกื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025

ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืœืž"ืก 183b/10 ืฉืœ ื”ืœืž"ืก


ืžื“ื“ ึธื›ืœืœื™ ( ื›ืœืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช )

  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ (ืžืจืฅโ€“ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจโ€“ืžืจืฅ): โฌ‡๏ธ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 0.1%
  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ (ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ืžื”): โฌ‡๏ธ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2.3%
ืžืฉืงืคืช ืฉื—ืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉื ืคืกืง ืขืœื™ื™ื•ืช.

ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช

  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™: โฌ†๏ธ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 0.4%
  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ (ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื™ื”): โฌ†๏ธ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 0.1%
  • ืฉื ืชื™: โฌ‡๏ธ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2.1%
ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื

ืžื—ื•ื–ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืžื’ืžื”
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโฌ†๏ธ +1.2%ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื”
ืžืจื›ื–โฌ†๏ธ +0.3%ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงืœื”
ื—ื™ืคื”โฌ†๏ธ 0.0%ืงืคืื•ืŸ
ื“ืจื•ืโฌ‡๏ธ -0.2%ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ื ื”
ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘โฌ‡๏ธ -0.6%ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช
ืฆืคื•ืŸโฌ‡๏ธ -1.3%ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื”

ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ( ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ )

  • ื”ืœืž"ืก ืœื ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื“ื“ ื ืคืจื“ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ:
โฌ‡๏ธ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›-0.3% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ( ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื– )
  • ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืจื›ืช: โฌ‡๏ธ ื›ืขืฉื• 2.6%-
ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืจื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

  • ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช.
  • ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื, ื•ืœื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื”.
  • ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.

๐Ÿงจ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื ืกื“ืงืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืชืงืช

ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืž"ืก (ืžืก' 183b/10) ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืฃ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ืืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉ:

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื’ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื.

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกื“ืง, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ โ€“ ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.


๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ึพ0.6% ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืœื‘ื“ื• โ€“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช.
  • ื’ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ึพ0.7%, ืจืฉืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2.1% ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื’ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื—ืฃ.
  • ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืคื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืจืฉืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ "ืžืคืœื˜ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™".

ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคืง: ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื‘ืจืขืฉ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืœืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืžื ื, ืืš ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช.


๐Ÿงฑ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืงื” โ€“ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ืงื”

ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืื™ืคื” ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ? ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื? ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืืฉืจืื™ ื–ื•ืœ โ€“ ื•ื”ืฉืชืงื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.ื’ื ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืžืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘"ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื", ื‘"ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžื•ืชืืžืช" ื•ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.

ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”: ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื—ืง. ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉื—ืงื•ืช. ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื“ืžื.


๐Ÿ’ฃ ืžื” ื”ืœืื”? ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช

  • ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ึพLTV ืœึพLTP: ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžื™ืžื ื• ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืœื ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš.
  • ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ โ€“ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ื, ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช.
  • ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื• โ€“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืง, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืžื”ืจ.

๐Ÿงญ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”? ื›ืœื•ื.

ืœื ื”ืงืคืื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืจืื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.

ืœื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืชืงืŸ 1 ื”ืฉืžืื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ืคืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.

ืœื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”.


๐Ÿง  ืงืจื™ืื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืขืจื”:

ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืžืคื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืข", "ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืงืฉื™ื—", ืื• "ื–ื” ื–ืžื ื™".

ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช:

ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืจื•ืงื ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืขืจืš โ€“ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ืชืงืช.ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื.


๐Ÿง  ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื™ืช 0.7% ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช:

1. ื”ืžื“ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื:

  • ืื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ืจืฉืžื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืœื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื˜ืจื”) ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขื•ืœื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืขืœื•.
  • ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืจื™ืืœื™ืช.

2. ื”ื“ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 2.1%- ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช:

  • ื–ื” ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืžื’ืžื” ื•ืœื ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช.
  • ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืœืžืจื•ืช "ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช", ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”.

3. ืคืขืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—:

  • ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• (ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืขื ืงื™ื, ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื•') โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžื ืคื— ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—.
  • ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืืชืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช.

๐Ÿ“Š ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ื—:

ืžื“ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช
ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช+0.7%-2.1%ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืจื™ื’, ืืš ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื“ 2)-0.6%-2.3%ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง

๐Ÿงจ ืžืกืงื ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช:

ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 0.7% ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื™ืชื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืื• ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืœื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”"ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘", ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื.

https://www.gov.il/he/pages/news-housing110525


ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข 2024, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœืื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื ืฃ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›-60% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš, ืืœื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ (Retail Price Maintenance - RPM) ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื˜ืข ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืงืข ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”: ืžืงื˜ืข ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ, ืœืฆื“ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื™ื–ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืฃ ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื. ื‘ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื "ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืงืจืืช" ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘, ืฉืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืœืžืชืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื–ืืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžืกืžืš ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืฃ, ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ.

ืžืฆืดื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืดื— ื”ืžืœื.

ื›ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ : ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช

14Jun

ื ืคื’ืขืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื›ื ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืœื—ืžื”? ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืคืกื™ื, ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉืžืื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื.

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื›ื•ืฉื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื (ืื’ืฃ ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื), ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ืง ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืงืจืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืชืฉืดื›โ€“1961.


๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ โ€“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”

๐Ÿงพ ืจืงืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืชื—ื™ืงืชื™

ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ืžืคืฆื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘"ืคืขื•ืœืช ืื™ื‘ื”" ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง:

"ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื”."

ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืงืจืŸ ืžืคืฆื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืขืงื™ืฃ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืกืงื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืœืื™, ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘.


โœ… ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืื•ืช

  • ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ (ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ืจืก, ื—ื“ื™ืจื”, ืจืกื™ืกื™ื, ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื›ื•').
  • ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ืื™ื‘ื”: ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ, ื—ื‘ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื™ืจื™ ืฆืœืคื™ื, ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื•ื›ื•'.
  • ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ืจื— ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.
  • ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ (ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืฉืžื™, ืืš ื”ืžืœืฆื” โ€“ ืชื•ืš 7โ€“14 ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืข).

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”


๐Ÿ“ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”

1. ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง

  • ืฆืœืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก (ืžื‘ื ื”, ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืชืงืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•').
  • ืชืขื“ื• ื’ื ื ื–ืงื™ ืชื›ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•'.
  • ืฉื™ืžืจื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื” (ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช), ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืื• ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.

2. ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ

  • ืคื ื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช (ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš).
  • ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื˜ื— (ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš 48โ€“72 ืฉืขื•ืช) ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื•ืžื”.
  • ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ.

3. ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื

  • ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืช"ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
  • ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื• / ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
  • ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื”/ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ.
  • ืœืขืกืงื™ื: ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขืกืง, ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื™, ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืก, ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชืงื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•'.

4. ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืคืก ื“ืจื™ืฉื”

  • ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ (ื˜ื•ืคืก ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™).
  • ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืคืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ (ื”ืงืจืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื ืขืœื™ืš ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคืฆื”).

๐Ÿ’ธ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื

ืกื•ื’ ื ื–ืงืคื™ืฆื•ื™
ื ื–ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื”ืœืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ / ืฉื™ืงื•ื
ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื”ืจืกื”ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืื• ืขืจืš ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ
ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืœืื™ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืชื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื”
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขืกืงืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื

โš ๏ธ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

  • ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืืœื™, ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ (ืœื ืžืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ืžืช ื ืคืฉ).
  • ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืขืจืจ.
  • ื”ืงืจืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืžืก ืฉื‘ื—, ืžืก ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ืื• ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” โ€“ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก.
  • ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื•ืฉื›ืจ โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.

๐Ÿข ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื

ืื–ื•ืจื˜ืœืคื•ืŸื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื“ื•ื"ืœ
ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘03-7633500ื”ืžืกื’ืจ 66, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘mkr-tlv@taxes.gov.il
ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ04-8634111ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™"ื 16, ื—ื™ืคื”mkr-haifa@taxes.gov.il
ื“ืจื•ื08-6269211ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช 10, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืขmkr-south@taxes.gov.il
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”02-5400222ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื 66, ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœmkr-jm@taxes.gov.il

๐Ÿ“ž ืžื•ืงื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืืจืฆื™:

1-800-222-706 

ืื• ืืชืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ื›ืืŸ


๐Ÿ“Œ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื

  • ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉืžืื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” / ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžืื•ืช ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
  • ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื โ€“ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืžืœืื™.
  • ืฉืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ / ืžื“"ื / ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.

โš–๏ธ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช?

  1. ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืืœ ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
  2. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš โ€“ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืขืจืจ (ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜/ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžืื™ ื•ืจื•"ื—).
  3. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

๐Ÿงฉ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืื•ืช

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื• ืฉืžืื™ ืคืจื˜ื ื™. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืจืŸ.


ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช - ืคืจื• ื‘ื•ื ื•  - ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื ืคื’ืขื•.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช: 

ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืชื›ื•ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื, ืืœื• ืชืงืจื•ืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช). ืœืžืฉืœ - ืขื“ 85 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” 
ื›ืืŸ ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”: https://govforms.gov.il/mw/forms/propertytax@taxes.gov.il?gbxid=0 

ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื 3% ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœ-100 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื›ื•ืœื”, ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื 300 ืฉ"ื—. ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ ืขื“ 31/12, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” - ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจืช. ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจ, ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื‘'.



ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืจืก ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื"

ื”ืžื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืื™ืจืืŸ: 10 ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช ื™ื ื•ื˜ืžืจื”, ื‘ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. 7 ื ืขื“ืจื™ื | ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ: ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-3

https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/f239747af17c5910/Article-e9e6ce055557791027.htm 

13Jun

ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ืืš ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืฉืชื•ืง, ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ.


๐Ÿ“ฐ ื›ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื•ืชืงืช โ€“ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฆื•ืขืงืช

ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025

"ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืื•ื”ื“" ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืกืงื™ืจืชื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ โ€“ ื“ื•ื— ืฉืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื˜ืข, ืขื ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืชืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื–ื™ืจื”. ืืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”? ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจืช ืขื ื”ืื’'ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžื—ืงืช. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืื•ื”ื“" ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื›ื™ืขื•ืจื•.


๐Ÿ“‰ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื:

  • 6,254 ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ ืืฉืชืงื“.
  • ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฆื ื—ื• ื‘-43% (ืœึพ1,543 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™).
  • ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื โ€“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžึพ10% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
  • ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ "20/80" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
  • ืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื (6.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื—) ื ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื.

ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื›ืืŸ


๐Ÿ“บ ื•ืžื” ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช?

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• โ€“ ืืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 

ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื”:

๐Ÿงพ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™:

ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื:

ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 (ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™), ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืกื’ื•ืจ (framing), ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช:


๐Ÿง  ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช: ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืฉื ื™
ynet"ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื? ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™โ€“ืกืคืงื ื™. ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช. ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื’ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœื ืžื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืขืžื•ืงื”. ืžืžืชื ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื”.
ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก"ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื‘'ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ' ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“"ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ (ื•ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ืกื˜ื™), ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืขืœ โ€“ ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ื–ื• ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื’ื•ื™ืกืช ื•ืžืžืกื’ืจืช.
ื“ื” ืžืจืงืจ"ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•, ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื’ืขื• โ€“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื•"ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ืช ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ†’ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื โ†’ ืฉื•ืง ื ื—ืœืฉ) ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžืกื’ื•ืจ "ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™" โ€“ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื–ืืช ื›ื›ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™.
ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ"ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื; ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื?"ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ืคื™ืœื”" ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ื›ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืœื ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™.
ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜"ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• โ€“ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฆื ื—ื• ื‘-43%"ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” (ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” (ืฆื ื™ื—ื”), ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืชืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
N12"ื”ื‘ืจืงืก ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืขื‘ื“: ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช" โ€“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”, ืฉื•ืง ืชืงื•ืข ืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื ืขืœ "ื‘ืœื™ืžื”".
ืขืจื•ืฅ 10"ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืงืจืจ: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช. ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืžืชืงืจืจ" โ€“ ืœื "ืฆื•ื ื—" ืื• "ืงื•ืจืก". ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช. ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ.

๐Ÿงจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช:

  1. ืžื’ืžืช ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื•ื‘-ynet. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ื•ืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช.
  2. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช "ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ", "ื‘ื•ืขื”", ืื• "ืžืฉื‘ืจ" โ€“ ืืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื” ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช", "ื™ืจื™ื“ื”", ืื• "ื”ื‘ืจืงืก ืขื‘ื“" ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
  3. ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืื• ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช. ื–ื”ื• ืคืขืจ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข: ืœืชืช ืœืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื "ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”".
  4. ื“ื”-ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ืฉืžืื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื ืงื™ื. ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™? ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ "ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื", "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”".

๐Ÿงพ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช โ€“ ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025

ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื›ื•ืชืจืชืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืชืืจื™ืš ืคืจืกื•ืืงื™ืฉื•ืจื›ืชื‘/ืชื”ื™ืงืฃ ืกื™ืงื•ืจื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื•ืชืจืช
ynetื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื? ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืจื›ืฉื• 6,254 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช... ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืคืจื™ืœ ืืฉืชืงื“..."11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื”ื™ืœื” ืฆื™ืื•ืŸืžืœืื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ืชึพืกืคืงื ื™ืช. ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ืœื ื›ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
ื’ืœื•ื‘ืกื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื‘'ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ' ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“"ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ 2,364 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“..."11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจืืจื™ืง ืžื™ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืžืœืื”ืžืกื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช โ€“ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ืžื’ืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
ื“ื” ืžืจืงืจืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•, ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื’ืขื• โ€“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื•"ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื..."11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื”ื“ืจ ื—ื•ืจืฉืžืœืื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžืกื’ื•ืจ 'ืžืื•ื–ืŸ', ืœื ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœืช
ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื; ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื?"ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ึพ1,543 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“... ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ 43%"11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื”ืžืœืื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ืžืžืชื ืช ืขื ืฉืืœื” ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• โ€“ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฆื ื—ื• ื‘-43%"ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ึพ2,364 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช... ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 28%... ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 43%"11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืชืŸ ืœื•ื™ืžืœืื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ื“ื” โ€“ ืžื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืžืกืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™
N12ื”ื‘ืจืงืก ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืขื‘ื“: ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 6,254 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2024"11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจืœื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืืงืืœื•, ืื™ืชืžืจ ืžื™ื ืžืจืžืœืื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืœื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืง โ€“ ืืœื ื‘ืœื™ืžื” "ื ื›ื•ื ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื
ืขืจื•ืฅ 10ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืงืจืจ: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 15% ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ"ืœืคื™ ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ึพ2,364 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช..."11.06.2025ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืœื™ืžืœืื”ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ืจื’ื•ืข, ืžืจื›ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” โ€“ 'ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช' ื•ืœื ืฆื ื™ื—ื”. ืžื›ืกื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ืœืฉื•ืช
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืโ€“ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจโ€“โ€“โ€“ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ืงื•ืจื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืฉืงื˜ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
ืขืจื•ืฅ 13โ€“ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจโ€“โ€“โ€“ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ืงื•ืจืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื— โ€“ ืืฃ ืœื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™
ืขืจื•ืฅ 14โ€“ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจโ€“โ€“โ€“ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ืงื•ืจืฉืชื™ืงื” ืžืœืื” โ€“ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง

ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืืชืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก

๐Ÿงจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช:

  1. ืžื’ืžืช ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื•ื‘-ynet. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ื•ืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช.
  2. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช "ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ", "ื‘ื•ืขื”", ืื• "ืžืฉื‘ืจ" โ€“ ืืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื” ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช", "ื™ืจื™ื“ื”", ืื• "ื”ื‘ืจืงืก ืขื‘ื“" ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
  3. ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืื• ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช. ื–ื”ื• ืคืขืจ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข: ืœืชืช ืœืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื "ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”".
  4. ื“ื”-ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ืฉืžืื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื ืงื™ื. ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™? ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ "ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื", "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”".

๐Ÿง  ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืš ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืจื“ื“ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข

ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช โ€“ ืขืฆื ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™. ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืคื™ืŸ: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ื•ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื•ืช ืžืขืกืงืื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื ืกื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืจื•ื›ื›ืช, ืžืจื“ื“ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช. ืž"ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื", ื“ืจืš "ื”ื‘ืจืงืก ืขื‘ื“", ื•ืขื“ "ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" โ€“ ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืžืฉื‘ืจ", "ืงืจื™ืกื”", ืื• "ื‘ื•ืขื”". ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืชื•ืžืจื ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืœื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ืช. ืœื ืกื™ืงื•ืจ โ€“ ืืœื ืžืกื’ื•ืจ. ืœื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— โ€“ ืืœื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ.


๐Ÿง  ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช:

  • ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ โ€“ ืืœื ืžืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘", "ื‘ืœื™ืžื”", ืื• "ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช".
  • ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘"ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ".
  • ynet ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ("ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื?") ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
  • ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืจื’ื™ืข: "ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืงืจืจ".
  • ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืจื•ืฅ 13 ื•ึพืขืจื•ืฅ 14 โ€“ ืœื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ืœืœ.

โš ๏ธ ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?

ื›ืฉื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™. ื–ื” ื”ืกืชืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืจืื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืงืฃ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืกื›ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”: ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื, ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื ืฉืืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง. ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืืžืช.



12Jun

ื”ืื ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘-2025 ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื? ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืืจื”"ื‘ 2008. ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื•, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.

ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช?

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืจื•ืคื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉืงื™ืข ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ โ€“ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก. ื›ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื—ื’ื’ื” ืฉื™ืื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืžืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ โ€“ ืืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืจืื•ืช: ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.

ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”?

ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช (ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื). ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืจื–ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ื›"ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื". ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืืœ: ืžื” ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก? ื”ืื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ? ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘. ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื ืงื ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื—, ื•ืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคื’ ืœืขื’, ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืงื•. ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืงืจืก, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืฆื•ื“ืง.

ื•ืžื” ืืฆืœื ื•? ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2025: ื‘ื•ืขื” โ€“ ืขื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื”:

  • ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 2 ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
  • ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช โ€“ ืขืกืงื” ื”ืคืกื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
  • ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
  • ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ: ืœื ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืกืื‘-ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื.

ืžื”ื™ "ื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ืกืื‘-ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ"?

"ื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ืกืื‘-ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื’ื ืื ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืขืฆืžื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืก ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ 2.2%) ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ 5.5%), ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื” ืฉืžืจืืฉ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช โ€“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœื‘ื ืง ื•ืœืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืื—ื“.

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ืื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ืกืื‘-ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืชืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช
ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืชืชืงื™ื ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ืžืฉืชืœืžืช
ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ืจืžื ื•ืคื— / ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืจืš
ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™
ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืกืช ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืžื•ืžืŸ

ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”! ืื– ืžื”?

ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉ"ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืจื ื™". ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ:

  • ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžื”ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ื–ื• ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช.
  • ื”ืฉืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™.
  • ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื”-LTV ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ื—ืก ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ-ืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ื•ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืจืš.

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”: ืืžืจื™ืงื” 2008 ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2025

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸืืจื”"ื‘ 2008ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2025
ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืชืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ืืกืื‘-ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื›ื•ืช
ืชืฉื•ืืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช
ื™ื—ืก ื—ื•ื‘/ื”ื›ื ืกื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘-OECD
ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืืš ื—ืœืฉื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ืžื”ื•ืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช
ืฉืžืื•ืชืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืžืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉื›ืคืœืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™
ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชืงืจื™ืกื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืชื”ื›ื—ืฉื”, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื–ืจืžืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื ื•ืกืคืช
ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื‘ื ืงื™ืื”ืชืžืžืฉืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ืืš ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉ
ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ = ืขืจืš

ืœืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืชืง?

ืื•ืชื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืŸ:

  • ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืžืฆื ื–ืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.
  • ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช "ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืขืœื•".
  • ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืœื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื”ืžืกืงื ื”: ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืžืฅ

ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“. ืืชื” โ€“ ืœื. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืชื™ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ โ€“ ืœื ืื.

"ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืกื•ืคื ืœืจื“ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื–ื” โ€“ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ."


11Jun

ื“ื•"ื— ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ โ€“ ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืกืงื™ืจืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ื•ื— ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ:


โš ๏ธ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ืฉื•ืง ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืžืคื•ืœืช

  1. ืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™:
    • ืจืง 5,433 ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 20% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2024.
    • ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ืจื“ื• ืœ-1,543 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ 43% ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื” (!).
    • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• โ€œืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ื™ืจื“ ืœ-64% โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ 3 ื ืง' ืื—ื•ื– ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืคืื ื™ืงื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื.
  2. ืืคืงื˜ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ:
    • ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ 2025 (ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช โ€œื‘ืœื•ืŸโ€).
    • ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื‘โ€ืฉ ื•ืชโ€ื ื—ืœื” ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 30 ื ืง' ืื—ื•ื– (!).
  3. ืคืขืจ ืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื:
    • ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 6.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘-37% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ ืืฉืชืงื“ (!).
    • ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœ"ื”ืฆื’ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ืช" ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื.

๐Ÿš๏ธ ืคื™ืœื•ื— ืกื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื: ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”

ืกื’ืžื ื˜ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 2024
ืกืš ืขืกืงืื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื‘ืกื•ื“)-22%
ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“-20%
ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”-5%
ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื-27% (855 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช)
ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ-18% (1,744 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช)
ื“ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”-14%

๐Ÿ”ฅ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื

  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื” ืจืฉื ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 54% ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช "ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ" ืฆื ื— ืž-72% ืœ-53%.
  • ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื: ืจืง 36% ืžื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 11 ื ืง' ืื—ื•ื– ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืฉืชืงื“.
  • ืฉื•ืง ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 21%, ื›-106 ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืกื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.

๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

  1. ื ื•ืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช:
    โ€“ ื”ื“ื•ื— ืžืชืขื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื โ€“ ืืœื• ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจืื™, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
    โ€“ ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืก.
  2. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—:
    โ€“ ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช โ€œืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืคื—ื“ ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ / ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™.
    โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœ.
  3. ืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช:
    โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ "ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ", ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืงื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
    โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœืชื—ื–ื™ืชื™: ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื“ื”.

๐Ÿงจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•?

ื”ื“ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ:

  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
  • ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• "ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ืžืœ" ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
  • ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืืฉืจืื™, ืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช โ€“ ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.


๐ŸŽฏ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื:

  • ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™: ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ 43% ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื•-35% ืฉื ืชื™ โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจืกืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
  • ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 30%, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื.
  • ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ 32% ืฉื ืชื™ โ€“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“.
  • ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 5% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ.

ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง: ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช


๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื

ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025 ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ: ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ืืฅ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื’ืžื ื˜ โ€“ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื ืจืฉืžื” ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ โ€“ ืืฉืจืื™ ืงืœ, ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืคื— ื•ื”ืฉืชืงื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช.

๐Ÿงจ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืŸ:

1. ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ

  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 43% ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 30% ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
  • ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืขืœื ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ.

2. ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ โ€“ ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ

6,254 ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ โ€“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000.

3. ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื

855 ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 29%. ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืชืฉื•ืื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื.

4. ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ

ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ 32% โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื›ืจื’ืข.

5. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 5% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืœ ืฉื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ.


๐Ÿ’ฃ ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช?

ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื (90/10). ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช: ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•, ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืขื ืžืœืื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš.


๐Ÿงพ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช: ืชื–ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœื”

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืชื–ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 6.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 37% ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” (!).ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:

  • ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
  • ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
  • ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฆื’ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืžื˜ืขื”.
ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขืจื‘ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80.

๐Ÿง  ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื˜

ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืก.

ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื "ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ" ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืงื ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื ืฉื‘ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.๐Ÿ“Œ ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš?

  • ื”ืงืคืืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
  • ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
  • ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
  • ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.

๐Ÿงพ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื•"ื— (ืขืž' 8โ€“11) ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:

  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื™ื ื•ืืจโ€“ืžืจืฅ) ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 40% ืœ-60% ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช "ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ".
  • ื”ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ืขื ืžื’ืžืช ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ.
  • ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื ืจืฉืžื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 70% ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื“ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืฉืžื™.

๐Ÿง  ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช:

  • ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืชื ื”, ื‘ื” ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืจื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
  • ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืฉืžื˜ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ.



10Jun

ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื ื•ืงื‘ ืžืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ HAMP/HARP, ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืชืงืจื•ืก. ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”: "ืคืขืœ!"


๐ŸŸ  "ืคืขืœ!" โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”

"ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HARP ื•-HAMP ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืื ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื”ืคืขืœืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช." - ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ


"ืคืขืœ!" โ€“ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ื”, ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื›ืš ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช โ€“ ื•ื ืคืชื—ืช ืืฉ, ืื• ื™ืจื™ ืฆืœืคื™ื ืื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ืช. ืชื™ืื•ื, ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืกืชื ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืขืง ืฉื•ื‘: "ืคืขืœ!"

ืœื ืœืงืจื‘ โ€“ ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•, ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืขึดื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• โ€“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.


๐Ÿ•ฐ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื ืชื™ื ืฆืœ ืื• ืชืชืจืกืง

ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื, Timing is everything.

ื’ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื ืžืชื™. ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” HAMP ื•-HARP.

  • HAMP โ€“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ.
  • HARP โ€“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.

ื”ืฆืœื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืชื›ื ื•ื ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืคืขืœืชืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืงืจืกื”.


๐Ÿ“‰ ื•ืžื” ืืฆืœื ื•?

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— โ€“ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื.

"ื”ืคืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช."
โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืื ื™ืงื”.

ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ.


๐Ÿง  ืœืžื” ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื?

ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืชืงื™ื.

ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืกืก.

ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื. ืจืง ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื–ื ืงื•, ื”ื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืกื’ืจ โ€“

ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ. ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื.

ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืงืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”".


๐Ÿ”Š ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” โ€“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”

"ืคืขืœ!" โ€“ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ืจืžื” ืœืฉืžื”. ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช.

ืœืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ืœื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืœื‘ื ืงืื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช.

ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.

ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ื›ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืกืชืขืจื• โ€“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.


ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•:

  • ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช HAMP/HARP ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘ึพืคืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
  • ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ื›ึพ5 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
  • ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืจื• ืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ESM ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืœื”. ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ึพ2025, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืขืจ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ3 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื.
  • ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืขืฉื•ืจ (!) ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืกื™ื โ€“ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“.


09Jun

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžืชืžืœืืช ืžืขืฆืžื”". ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”? ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื ื•ืงื‘ ืžืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™, ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืขื”.


๐Ÿ  ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžืชืžืœืืช ืžืขืฆืžื”? ืจืง ืื ืœื ืฉื™ืœืžืช ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ

ืžืืช: ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ | ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ"


๐Ÿ’ผ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœืขืฆืžื:

"ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ.

ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืžื ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืœืืช ืžืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื ืœื ืชื™ื’ืข ื‘ืงืจืŸ โ€” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืš ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—."ืื™ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืจ.

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืคื” โ€“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ.


๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืงื ืช

ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืœืš 60,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”.

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ 5% (ืฉื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ), ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื 1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ืœืžืช ืขืœื™ื” 2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 2.5% โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื™ื 5% โ€“ ืืชื” ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืชืžืฉืš.ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ.ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช:

โŒ ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ. ื–ื• ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื.

๐ŸŽญ ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื•ื–ื” ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช:

  • ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก.
  • ื”ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ โ€“ ื”ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
  • ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื“ืื™ืช.
  • ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฆืจ? ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื•ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” โ€“ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ.

๐Ÿง  ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจืช:

  • ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื "ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง".
  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ (ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื ืช), ืœื ืœืคื™ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช.
  • ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื• โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.

๐Ÿ“ข ืœืกื™ื•ื:

ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ, ืชืฉืืœื•:

"ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”?"

ื•ืืœ ืชืงื ื• ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืงื ื• โ€“ ืจืง ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” "ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ".




๐Ÿฆ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™: ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช

 ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• "ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ" ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื:

  1. ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• โ€“ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช.
  2. ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืžื”ื ื›ืก.
  3. ืžืืคืฉืจ "ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช" โ€“ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ื” ืžื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
  4. ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืกืš ืชื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.

ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ:

๐Ÿ’ฐ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ = ืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื›ืก (NOI), ืžื”ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™.

โš ๏ธ ืืš ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช:

1. ืื ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžืœืืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”:

  • ืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™: ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื”ื ื›ืก ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื›ืฉืช ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื–ื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืจื™ืืœื™.

2. ืื ืขืจืš ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืืฉืœื™ื”:

  • ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืคื™ "ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืžื ื•ืคื—" ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช (ื”-NOI ื”ืžืžืฉื™), ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืขืจืš, ืื• ืื ื ืจืฆื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื–ืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื•ืœืชื”.

3. ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื”:

  • ืืชื” ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœืš ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜.

๐Ÿง  ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช:

ื ื ื™ื— ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ (ื ื›ืก) ืžื ื™ื‘ื” 5,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื˜ื• = 60,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืฉื ื”.

ืื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื 5%, ืื– ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช:

60,000 / 0.05 = 1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—

ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืžื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘-2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— (ื›ืคื•ืœ) โ€“ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ", "ื”ื™ื™ืค", ืื• "ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช" ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”.


๐Ÿงจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ:

  • ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงืกื ืžืชืžืœื-ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
  • ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ "ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืกืฃ" ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
  • ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื ื–ื™ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
08Jun

ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืืœื ืžื”ืœืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืžืคืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.


๐Ÿง  "ื ืืฉ ื ืคืœ. ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืจืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืœ."

ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื? ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ? 

ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” โ€“ ืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ, ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ


๐Ÿ’ฅ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืง

ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ื ืคืœ ื“ื‘ืจ:

ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 49,000 โ‚ช ืœืž"ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ โ€“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›-35% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-40% ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.ื–ื” ืœื "ืžื‘ืฆืข" โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช: ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื.


๐ŸŽฏ ืขื“ ื›ื”: ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ ืจื•ื•ื™ ืคื—ื“

ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื (80โ€“90 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ืœืž"ืจ), ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ:

  • ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ("ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื")
  • ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื™ืช
  • ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืขื– ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•

ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ:

ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.


๐Ÿงจ ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”

ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”?

ืฉื—ืงืŸืชื•ืฆืื”
ืงื•ื ื™ืืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื
ื™ื–ืžื™ืืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง
ืฉืžืื™ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืชืจืฅ ืืช ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื
ื‘ื ืงื™ืืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช
ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืงืจืงืขื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืชืืคืก
ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ืฉื ื™

๐Ÿ“‰ ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื ืืฉ? ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™

ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”:

ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ.ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืื”.

ืœื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.

ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืข ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื ืชื—ื–ื™ืง.


๐Ÿง  ืื– ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

  • ืฉืžืื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžื˜ื”.
  • ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
  • ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ 80K ืœืž"ืจ.
  • ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื•ื–ื• โ€“ ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืขื ืžืœืื™ื.

ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.


๐Ÿงฏ ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”?

ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื โ€“ ื›ืŸ. ืื ืฉืžืื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืŸ. ืื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ (ื›ืžื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) ื™ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื”ืœืš โ€“ ื ืืฉ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. 

ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืจืž"ื™ ื‘ืกืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ื” - ื‘ื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืžืกืš ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 100% ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืคื— ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืงื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืืช ืจืž"ื™ ื‘ืกืคืกื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืชืคืกื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.


โš–๏ธ ืกื™ื›ื•ื:

ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ โ€“ ื ืฉื‘ืจ.
ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื ืกืชื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžืฉื—ืง.
ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” โ€“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™.

"ื ืืฉ ื ืคืœ. ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืจืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืœ."


"ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ื™ื—ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•" - ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ https://bit.ly/3pfTas7 

ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื”ืกืคืจ: ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืคื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืื ืจืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืกื™ื“. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“. ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ โ€“ ื•ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื–, ื•ืœื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” โ€“ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืœื-ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื ืฆืœ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— โ€“ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื™ืงืจืกื•. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืกืื•ืช: ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘. ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™: ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง โ€“ ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื›ืกื. ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉืชื ื”.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื - Links

07Jun

ืคื•ืกื˜ ื ื•ืงื‘ ืžืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืงืจื ืฃ ืืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืฆืžืจืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื โ€“ 13 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ื“ื—ืงื”, ื•ืงืจื™ืกื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ. ืžืืžืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ "ืคืชืื•ื".


๐Ÿฆ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื! ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืืคื•ืจ

๐Ÿฆ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื! ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืจืžืก ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ึพ83ืณ


โœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืงื™ืŸ | ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืžืš | ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš
ืžืจืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžืื•ืช | ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "
ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ" 

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ!" โ€” ื™ื‘ืจื‘ืจื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ืคื—ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื”, ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ืคื•ื— ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื•ืฉืจื”.ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื•. ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื–ื” ๐Ÿฆ ืงืจื ืฃ ืืคื•ืจ โ€“ ื’ืœื•ื™, ืจื•ืขื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืจืื•ืช.


๐Ÿ”Š ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ืฉืฆืขื“ ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจืขื โ€“ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืชืงื•

โš ๏ธ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ:

  • ๐Ÿ“‰ ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ
  • ๐Ÿฆ ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืง
  • ๐Ÿ“ฐ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื’ื•ื™ืกืช ืฉืžื“ืงืœืžืช ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช
  • ๐Ÿงพ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขืชื™ืงื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™
  • ๐Ÿ’ธ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืจื• LTV ื‘ึพLTP ืœืœื ื‘ืงืจื”

๐Ÿ” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื. ืจืง ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.


๐Ÿ™ˆ ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื•. ื”ื ืจืื•. ื•ื”ื ืฉืชืงื•.

๐Ÿ‘” ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื? ื™ื“ืขื•.

๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื? ืฉืชืงื•.

๐Ÿ“บ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช? ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื”.

๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื? ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ .ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? โฑ๏ธ "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™", "ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ", "ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื"...

ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื. 

ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืื” ืžืจืงื˜ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืžืžืื–ืŸ.


โณ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื– โ€“ 13 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ

๐Ÿ“… 2012 โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”.

๐Ÿ“… 2025 โ€“ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.๐Ÿ“‰ 13 ืฉื ื” โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื (1970โ€“1983).

ื’ื ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ืŸ.๐Ÿ”„ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื. ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืช. ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืื•ืชื” ืงืจื™ืกื”.


๐Ÿ“ฃ ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืคืคื•ืช

โœ… ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ืืช ืคื•ื ื–ื™

โœ… ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™

โœ… ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช

โœ… ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ

โœ… ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื, ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ื–ืขื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™

ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืจืขืชื™.


๐Ÿงญ ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

๐Ÿ” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจืื”:

  • โš–๏ธ ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช
  • ๐Ÿงพ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉืžืื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืคื•ืช
  • ๐Ÿ“Š ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื›ืžืกื“ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™
  • โŒ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžืื•ืช

ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื โ€œืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงืœโ€.

ื–ื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื.


๐Ÿง  ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืกืชืชืจ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.

๐Ÿ“‰ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืคืชืขื” โ€“ ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื”.

๐Ÿ”Š ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ืคืชืื•ื โ€“ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”.

๐Ÿ“› ื–ื• ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช โ€“ ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ.๐Ÿฆ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข. ื•ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืœืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืžื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ.


ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.





  1. ืœื ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ, ืงืจื ืฃ: ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• โ€“ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”
  2. 13 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงืจื ืฃ ืจืžืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœ
  3. ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื ืฆืœ.
  4. ืžึพ2012 ืขื“ 2025: ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”)
  5. ืžื™ื ืคื•, ืฉืชืงื•, ืจื™ืžื• โ€“ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ
  6. ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื– โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื: 13 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”


ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืงืจื ืฃ ืืคื•ืจ" (Gray Rhino) ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื™ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื“ื—ืงื” ืžืฆื“ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ืงืจื ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื”ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจื ื• โ€“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.(eol.co.il, status.co.il)

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืืคื•ืจ:

  1. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื’ืœื•ื™: ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช, ืืš ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช.
  2. ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™: ืื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืžืžืฉ, ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
  3. ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืื• ื”ื“ื—ืงื”: ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืชื•.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืงืจื ืคื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื:

  • ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื: ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื™ืช.
  • ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.(falconcapital.co.il)

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืž"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ":

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ" โ€“ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช โ€“ "ืงืจื ืฃ ืืคื•ืจ" ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืžืฉ.(falconcapital.co.il)

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื:

ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื ืžืจืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "ืงืจื ืฃ ืืคื•ืจ" ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœ.(falconcapital.co.il)

06Jun

HAMP ื• - HARP ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื’ืœ, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.

HAMP  ื• - HARP ื”ื™ื• 2 ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื’ืœ, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื โ€“ HAMP ื•-HARP โ€“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช?

ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ - ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื›ืืŸ

๐Ÿ›  HAMP โ€“ Home Affordable Modification Program

ืžื˜ืจื”:

ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื (modification) ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“?

  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช
  • ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ
  • ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื (forbearance)
  • ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”

ื”ืฉืคืขื”:

  • ื›ึพ1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ึพ30%
  • ืžื ืขื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืคืฉื” ื›ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช (ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืื• ืœื ืื•ืฉืจื•)

๐Ÿก HARP โ€“ Home Affordable Refinance Program

ืžื˜ืจื”:

ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื—ืก LTV ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ื’ื 125%!), ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก โ€“ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“?

  • ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื’ื ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”
  • ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš Freddie Mac ื•-Fannie Mae
  • ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื”
  • ืคืชื— ื“ืœืช ืœื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื "ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื" ืขื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”

ื”ืฉืคืขื”:

  • ื›ึพ3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื
  • ืžื ืข ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ walk-away (ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™)
  • ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช

ืื– ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•?

ื’ื•ืจืHAMPHARPื”ืขืจื•ืช
๐Ÿฆ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโœ…โœ…โœ…ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืื–ืŸ, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื
๐Ÿ˜ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืชโœ…โœ…โœ…ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื / ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ“‰ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”โœ…โœ…ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื”

ืžืกืงื ื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื”:

ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื.

ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:

ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” (top-down rescue) โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.

๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ ืืจื”"ื‘ โ€“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช HAMP ื•ึพHARP

ืคืจืžื˜ืจHAMPHARP
ื™ืขื“ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ืืœื•ื•ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืืš ืขื ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
ื’ื™ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืงื™ื™ืžืชืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง
ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸื”ืงืœื” ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”-ืฉื•ื•ื™
ืืคืงื˜ื”ืื˜ืช ื’ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื’ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื’ืœ ืฉืœ abandonments ื•ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื

โœ… ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ โ€“ ืœื ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื•.

๐Ÿง  ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื ื™ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš (equity).


๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?

ื ื•ืฉืื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื
โŒ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื
โŒ ืฉืžืื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืชื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืช)
โŒ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืงืœื™ืื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื™ื™ื ืช ืœืคื™ "ื ืจืื•ืช" ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”
โŒ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื ืขืชืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืงืจื™ืกืช ืขืจืš โ€“ ืจืง ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืงื ื™ื™ื”

๐Ÿ’ฃ ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช? (ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช HAMP ื•ึพHARP)

1. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARP ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช

  • ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืงืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ืจื“
  • ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืžื•ืกื“ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ)
  • ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื "ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช

2. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HAMP ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช

  • ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
  • ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘-2020โ€“2022)
  • ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื“ืœ ื‘ื ืงืื™

3. ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: "ืฉืžืื•ืช-ื”ืฆืœื”"

  • ื”ื•ืจืื” ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉืžืื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืคืจื™ืกื” ืื• ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ
  • ืžืชืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ืง (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘) ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™/ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™

๐Ÿงฉ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”:

ืืจื”"ื‘ ืคืขืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™.ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื”, ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื•.

ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”...



ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืžืง: ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช HAMP ื•-HARP ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ?


ืจืงืข ื›ืœืœื™

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืื‘-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘-2008, ื”ื•ืฉืงื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืง:

  • HAMP โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
  • HARP โ€“ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ "ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™".

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืจืžื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ื—ืœืง ื' โ€“ ื”ืชืืžืช HAMP ื•-HARP ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ:

  1. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ (LTP) โ€“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืขืœ 90%, ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช" ืื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™.
  2. ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ โ€“ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื“ืœ"ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช; ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™.
  3. ืฉืžืื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื; ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™.
  4. ื”ืขื“ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.

ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืชืืžื”:

  • HAMP ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื.
  • HARP ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืงืœื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื›ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ืชืจืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.
  • ืฉืžืื•ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

ื—ืœืง ื‘' โ€“ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช

ืฉืœื‘ 1: ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืœืื•ืžื™

  • ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืž"ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
  • ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘: ืชื–ืจื™ื NOI, ื™ื—ืก ืฉื›ืจ-ื“ื™ืจื”/ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
  • ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ืขืจืš ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™"

ืฉืœื‘ 2: ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื™ืกื•ืช

  • ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ื—
  • ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื (ื”ืงืœื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช)

ืฉืœื‘ 3: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื™

  • ืงืจืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืื• ื—ืฆื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืงืœื•ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืฆืข ืคืจื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
  • ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื’"ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก

ื—ืœืง ื’' โ€“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช

ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ โ€“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ

  • ืื ืชื•ืคืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ "ื ืจืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื" โ€“ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ "ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื".

ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ โ€“ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”

  • ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ.

ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ:

ืฉืœื‘ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 15%โ€“20% ืžืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื, ืขื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช (ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช).

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•:

  • ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ >10% ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ืกืช ื—ื•ื‘
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ >25% ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-5% ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™" ืžื•ื›ื— ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ืžืกืงื ื”

ืžื•ื“ืœ HAMP/HARP ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืืš ืจืง ืื ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ:

  • ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™
  • ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™
  • ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” โ€“ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• 2008 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.



05Jun

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 100% ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ืจืžื• ืœื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.

ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœื ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ

ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื›ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉื ื˜ืžื ื” ืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื: ื›ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื ืคื™ืงื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื.

"ื–ื” ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืกืจ" - ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืงืจืก

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื ืฆื—: ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช "ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ". ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื - ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืืš ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืกื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.

ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 100% ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช

ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022, ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก. ื‘ืฉืงืฃ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžื“ื™, ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”: ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100% ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช - 99% ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ื•-101% ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ? ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.

ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘

ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ". ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื›ืฉื” ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• - ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžืชืŸ - ืžืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘", ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.

ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื "ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืกื" ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืง ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื”. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช:

  1. ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
  2. ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ
  3. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช - ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื - ื ื•ืชืจืช ืœืœื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ

ืœื ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช

ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ: ื’ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืกื“ืŸ:

  • ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืœื—ืฅ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื
  • ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื

ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื›ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื - ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100% (ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”: ื”ืื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื? ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช:

  1. ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— - ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 100% ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืืฉืจืื™.
  2. ื›ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื - ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื: ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช.
  3. ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ - ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ืืš ืฉืžืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื’ืœ ืื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื›ืฉืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช.
  4. ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื” - ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจืข ื’ื ืื ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื.

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขื™ืŸ "ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข" ืื• ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื (ืคืจื•ืงืกื™) ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.

ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื” ื•ื™ืกืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ื”ืื ื ืจืื” ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชืขืจื‘ื•? ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ? ื›ืจื’ืข, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืงื™ื - ื—ืœืงื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ืชืื•ืฉืฉ, ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืงื• ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื. ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื™ืขืžื™ืง, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื•.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช?

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” - ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืช-ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™. ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›"ื ื‘ืœื™ื" ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื.


ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื‘-27.3.2022.

ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•.   ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืžืฆื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ืžื™ื•ื 27.3.2022 ืœืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 10 - 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.  https://bit.ly/37l4IVB

ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:


ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ืžืง: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ 100%, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื-ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ 100% ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ (46), ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืžืœื, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื, ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘-20%-30% ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช (14).

ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืชื•ื•ืš-ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ

ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ:

  • ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื.
  • ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 2.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ2), ืืš ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืขื ืง ืื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
  • ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 40%-50% ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ (46).

ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ: ืงืจื™ืกืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘:

  • ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘-2021 ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืžื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ (26).
  • ืขื ืฆื ื™ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-2023 (ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”), ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืงืœืขื” ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— (6).
  • ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืกื™ืคืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื ืงื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” (23).

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ: ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื:

  1. ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื โ€“ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช (Balloon Loans) ืœ-10% ืžืกืš ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช (4).
  2. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ 20% ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ (34).
  3. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข โ€“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ "10% ืžืงื“ืžื”, 90% ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”" (4).

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฆืœืœื™ื

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช:

  • ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช โ€“ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื (2).
  • ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2025, 15% ืžื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื (4).
  • ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืชืžื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-14.5 ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช 8.5 ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข OECD (46).

"ื–ื” ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืกืจ" โ€“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื ืื” ืœืœื ื ื–ืง, ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš:

  • ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (4%-6% ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช) ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
  • ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ), ืืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
  • ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื‘ื“ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 10% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื’ืจืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2.5% ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” (4).

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”

ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ืžืงืจื” ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ (346) ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ โ€“ ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ, ื•ืื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืกื’ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื•.


ืงืจื“ื™ื˜: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื›ืืŸ




ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื–ืžื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ





ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ

ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”


ื™ื–ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ ื‘-214 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ - ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืขืจื›ืช ืจืž"ื™